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The Hitchhiker’s Guide to Python

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Greetings, Earthling! Welcome to The Hitchhiker’s Guide to Python.

This is a living, breathing guide. If you’d like to contribute, !

This handcrafted guide exists to provide both novice and expert Python developers a best practice handbook to the installation, configuration, and usage of Python on a daily basis.

This guide is opinionated in a way that is almost, but not quite, entirely unlike Python’s official documentation. You won’t find a list of every Python web framework available here. Rather, you’ll find a nice concise list of highly recommended options.

Note

The use of Python 3 is highly preferred over Python 2. Consider upgrading your applications and infrastructure if you find yourself still using Python 2 in production today. If you are using Python 3, congratulations — you are indeed a person of excellent taste. —Kenneth Reitz

Let’s get started! But first, let’s make sure you know where your towel is.

Getting Started with Python

New to Python? Let’s properly setup up your Python environment:

  • Properly Install Python on your system:

  • Using Virtualenvs with Pipenv:

Python Development Environments

This part of the guide focuses on the Python development environment, and the best-practice tools that are available for writing Python code.

Writing Great Python Code

This part of the guide focuses on the best-practices for writing Python code.

Scenario Guide for Python Applications

This part of the guide focuses on tool and module advice based on different scenarios.

Shipping Great Python Code

This part of the guide focuses on sharing and deploying your Python code.

Additional Notes

This part of the guide, which is mostly prose, begins with some background information about Python, and then focuses on next steps.

Note

Notes defined within all diatonic and chromatic musical scales have been intentionally excluded from this list of additional notes. Additionally, this note.

Contribution notes and legal information (for those interested).

Picking a Python Interpreter (3 vs 2)
The State of Python (3 & 2)
Recommendations
So…. 3?
Implementations
Properly Installing Python
Installing Python 3 on Mac OS X
Installing Python 3 on Windows
Installing Python 3 on Linux
Installing Python 2 on Mac OS X
Installing Python 2 on Windows
Installing Python 2 on Linux
Pipenv & Virtual Environments
Make sure you’ve got Python & pip
Installing Pipenv
Installing packages for your project
Using installed packages
Next steps
Lower level: virtualenv
Basic Usage
Other Notes
virtualenvwrapper
virtualenv-burrito
direnv
Your Development Environment
Text Editors
IDEs
Interpreter Tools
Other Tools
Pipenv & Virtual Environments
Make sure you’ve got Python & pip
Installing Pipenv
Installing packages for your project
Using installed packages
Next steps
Lower level: virtualenv
Basic Usage
Other Notes
virtualenvwrapper
virtualenv-burrito
direnv
Further Configuration of pip and Virtualenv
Requiring an active virtual environment for pip
Caching packages for future use
Structuring Your Project
Structure of the Repository
Structure of Code is Key
Modules
Packages
Object-oriented programming
Decorators
Context Managers
Dynamic typing
Mutable and immutable types
Vendorizing Dependencies
Runners
Further Reading
Code Style
General concepts
Idioms
Zen of Python
PEP 8
Conventions
Reading Great Code
Documentation
Project Documentation
Project Publication
Code Documentation Advice
Other Tools
Testing Your Code
The Basics
Tools
Logging
… or Print?
Logging in a Library
Logging in an Application
Common Gotchas
Mutable Default Arguments
Late Binding Closures
Bytecode (.pyc) Files Everywhere!
Choosing a License
Network Applications
HTTP
Distributed Systems
Web Applications & Frameworks
Context
Frameworks
Web Servers
WSGI Servers
Server Best Practices
Hosting
Templating
HTML Scraping
Web Scraping
lxml and Requests
Command-line Applications
Click
docopt
Plac
Cliff
Cement
Python Fire
GUI Applications
Camelot
Cocoa
GTk
PyGObject aka (PyGi)
Kivy
PyObjC
PySide
PyQt
Pyjs Desktop (formerly Pyjamas Desktop)
Qt
PySimpleGUI
Toga
Tk
wxPython
Databases
DB-API
SQLAlchemy
Records
PugSQL
Django ORM
peewee
PonyORM
SQLObject
Networking
Twisted
PyZMQ
gevent
Systems Administration
Fabric
Salt
Psutil
Ansible
Chef
Puppet
Blueprint
Buildout
Shinken
Continuous Integration
Why?
Jenkins
Buildbot
Tox
Travis-CI
Speed
Context
C Extensions
Concurrency
Scientific Applications
Context
Tools
Libraries
Resources
Image Manipulation
Python Imaging Library
Open Source Computer Vision
Data Serialization
What is data serialization?
Flat vs. Nested data
Serializing Text
Binary
Protobuf
XML parsing
untangle
xmltodict
JSON
Parsing JSON
simplejson
Cryptography
cryptography
GPGME bindings
Machine Learning
SciPy Stack
scikit-learn
Interfacing with C/C++ Libraries
C Foreign Function Interface
ctypes
SWIG
Boost.Python
Publishing Your Code
Creating a Project Repo on GitHub
When Your Project Grows
Packaging Your Code
Alternatives to Packaging
For Python Developers
For Linux Distributions
Freezing Your Code
Alternatives to Freezing
Comparison of Freezing Tools
Windows
OS X
Linux
Introduction
About This Guide
The Community
BDFL
Python Software Foundation
PEPs
Python Conferences
Python User Groups
Online Communities
Python Job Boards
Learning Python
Beginner
Intermediate
Advanced
For Engineers and Scientists
Miscellaneous Topics
References
Documentation
Official Documentation
Read the Docs
pydoc
News
PyCoder’s Weekly
Real Python
Planet Python
/r/python
Talk Python Podcast
Python Bytes Podcast
Python Weekly
Python News
Import Python Weekly
Awesome Python Newsletter
Contribute
Style Guide
Todo List
License
The Guide Style Guide
Relevancy
Headings
Prose
Code Examples
Externally Linking
Linking to Sections in The Guide
Notes and Warnings
TODOs
fork us on GitHub