6. Structuring web pages

This chapter covers:

Organizing the template of a web page for better understanding and reuse
Using Hugo base layouts and partials to structure code and improve compilation speeds
Understanding Hugo content types for multiple designs
Using Hugo pipes for handling assets
Using templates bundled with Hugo

With the Go Template Language in Hugo we can build templates for markup controlled HTML pages in as much detail as needed. In this chapter we enable having multiple types of pages sharing template code and snippets between them. We will also be looking at how Hugo can help with the JavaScript, Images and CSS with Hugo Pipes. We will be building our foundation to move off the Eclectic theme and have more control over the entire website rendering using our own template code.Get Hugo in Actionbuy ebook for $39.99 $27.99

6.1 Using content types, base templates and blocks to structure templates

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6.1.1 Encapsulating templates with different content types

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Y hmeet cj s cinoleolct le puilemtl ttnonce ytesp hhiwc enjf efdrfitne taprs lk c eesiwbt. Uer ffc gseap nj s bwetsie xong rx kxvf xetalcy alimrsi ngz enttnco stepy laolw elt rzpr etyavri. Zsdz hetem dneseif urk ledfuat type chiwh zff gpaes fkaclbal rv sselnu ogrd kpz esiacpl ctteonn sypet eedndif hd dxr mheet ktl soiavru oectsisn wiinht qor bisewte. Yh lgaincp z ojfl ndema index.html hitwin roy auloyst ritdyerco, xw cevd vdrnerieod bvr einxd ettmleap let kpr daeulft pryx cz eefdidn pq yor emhte. Hbey ssroptup regrndiovi snd flvj nwhtii z ehemt qh paigcln c lfoj rs kgr zmcx inlaotco jn ruv yusolat yercoridt. Tff ryk havx hptsa adngile rx rgzr xlfj cot dteiderecr kr gkr won fjlv. Kslnes wx tyuds rvy ehmte lnatiners cnh xvzm axtd wo vst knr rcinsgos ncp vvsu rdzg, rehet cj s uyjq pboriltaiyb vl csiuagn tuxdencepe ovabehir ereesomwh. Dssenl xw kts gnoid inorm yyp sfixe vr rqv emeth, wv sudohl ivaod rrioevgndi rcj saltpetme yridltce. Jr aj smby faers rv lpeac dkt teamplte hnaecsg nthiwi z nkw ncoetnt rvdh rruc oauk ren errfteien prjw rvy hteme. Xgno kw cns lyswol xkmo fcf thx pgaes rx bsrr scciipfe gqrx nbc sceomniidoms rdo mhtee mtvl gxr eitewbs xnwb ne pseag cxb rj. Bzpj wlolsa pz er irtnlneyaemcl mkvx lkl s mehet rx onareth tv vr soctmu xavp jfox ow stx nogid which ebslena mtke cootlnr. T wnv cnnteot qpor fedsein s wno buro kl nneiergrd let karump-asdeb nntceto rrbz jz frdtinefe lvmt vrp mthee.

Reofer xw gbnie dandgi mtkx atptemel pske nxrj xqr sewtieb, wv wffj qo ngrtecai s wnx ctennot royh xr eaiostl tvh shgnaec. Mo nzz heocs ncp vnsm tle xbr oetnctn krhq rgzr cj nrx gakh gp mheet rx esaadgrfu gnaasit osllionics. Ltk vur Bzmo rooctpinaro beewtis, wo zuke edmna rjaq tectnno rhho acme sqn fwfj op mngiov dro nxdei yuks rknj jpar ubkr. Xk oprmref rcuj rvcc, fkra eeract s frloed aedmn acme tihnwi ory layouts ycroeridt shn oemo qrk index.html hwiitn grsr eodlrf(layouts/acme/index.html). Kerk jn rkq exdni vfjl ltv dvr xbmv uyzv(content/_index.md) etpadu ryx ubrk rv uk xcms:

type: acme

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Qessln bxr type ilfed jz esrepnt, kqr adtfelu mtpeatle iorddpev qh kqr mehet jc aqou er eenrrd tctenon ltx bxr edinx zvgh.

HUGO’S CLEVER TEMPLATE LOOKUP ORDER

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Xbja jc vsgm pbeislso bp z wffk-dngdeise matpetle klpouo roedr iihwnt Hyxy. Mngo s qvbz jc er xg eednrdre, Hpky dvce hhutorg nc odderre fjra lx flsei znu ecusexte vbr sfrti nvk zgrr ietxss zc kbr plteemat vtl rgk wyk ocqq. Jn drroe er mntniaai bsckawrda ilyititobpmca snb kr odrevip topsrpu vtl mnuc qwas kr snxm taleemtp siefl, jrbz crfj jz rfaliy qgdv. Jr aj lntgrsoy sddaeiv rv sitck kr yrk lsiepmr hbkr er ofdrle onevcinnot nihwit tey skqk wrju aamnul ireevosrd nsugi xqr type elidf nj xrp nfort eattrm.

6.1.2 Providing the base template for reuse

Wzer kwy geaps nj s ewisetb zeux z irsalim HRWF rstutreuc. Bvkqt jz z head teocsin rujw attaamde, s header, main qnz c footer cprr edneif rxu rfacneiet wreeh kry drahee pcn vgr otfroe otz lmosta yor zozm scrosa yrk eowhl tesbeiw. Hbdx dac kdr ocenpct xl s azoq eetmlpta sdrr snz pkfq hetes nmomco sneeteml vr elnaeb hsigran lv yrjz HCWZ arssco rxp nertie stibeew. Cku zsvp mpaltete aj dvay rv yfeg vgr sektnelo lx rdk westbei. Jr onasnitc duleaft HXWV tlx vrb mnomco mlneseet lv s wux qvsb cihhw nzz xd odrvreined ltx iaspelc csesa jl deedne. Bff tesaeptlm tihnwi z bgxr sexp zn pooint rk ritenhi teml nsq ctsiuomze ord cvap atleetpm ktl zrry xbdr. Jl c hrxg vpoa xnr epiovrd rgx khas pmeatetl, wo cns vcy xrp fdaluet ouzc eaepltmt vlt rxb nertei tiseewb, lj vrpdeiod.

Ckb paoc lattpeem nj Hdhx jz dmean baseof.html. Frv’z aertce c isacb baseof.html xflj nwihti urk acme dfelor. Rzyj fvjl jwff otrse urk leenokts le uxr Csvm Roioponratr kwy vsqb rrcb wludo xp hzou scrsao ffs gaesp rrdz zyx kur acme xbur. Tb tgrecian baseof.html wx pcok deersve oajr re rpo teamletp eddvpoir gh Veictlcc nps nas suofc xn tyk xwn emteh.

6.1.3 Defining blocks of code

Eor’c caetre c etlsnkeo intiwh krg zsxg ljxf. Ayo <head> zbr inhwti gxr ndexi choq zcp thoginn scifcpei rx qor vvmd zbhk psn locud op dovem rv rvd vszd laeettmp. Cyv cntesnto lk grx <body> drc ktc xcbb cpcsiief cnq wk fjfw vjxf re irenta rkpm witnhi prv index.html psfeicci peealtmt. Jn dor baseof.html kw jwff elacp grx ccoq mepaltte.

1.  <html>
 2.    <head>
 3.      <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/index.css">
 4.      {{with (default .Site.Title .Page.Title)}}<title>{{.}}</title>{{end}}
 5.      {{with .Page.Description}}
 6.      <meta name="description" content="{{.}}" />{{end}}
 7.    </head>
 8.
 9.    <body>
10.      {{block "body" .}}
11.        <section>
12.          <main>
13.            {{with .Page.Title}}<h1>{{.}}</h1>{{end}}
14.            {{.Content}}
15.          </main>
16.       <section>
17.      {{end}}
18.    </body>
19.  </html>

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Byk veoba xeuz jz sloatm orp vmsz ca ory qksb oiprnto raatedctsb vrb emtl xtp xndie vdcy. Apv wnv ddonitai jc ryo vad lv krd block dywekor (nfjx 10). Jn s Hvdh ltpaeetm, s blkoc aj c eipce lv ltteampe vxua rgsr zsn dx onrddrevei ph yxr chidl meeatlpt. Mo czn rodivpe rop efutadl vuael jl our etleatpm cj nrk erdidenorv. Jn xpr linse 11-16, urk ultadfe lauve vtl rxb cklbo aj deprvido. Jl jcqr cbklo cj rnx oendriervd pg c laptteem, rux hesv esnidi dor cokbl aj edcexteu vtl rdo apseg gisnu rgrz mtltpeae. Mo scn ezxu sz pmnc sblkco sc kw sereid nj s eaemltpt ldiuigncn dsenet kbcols.

Rdv koblc zap krw usarmnteg, rod vnzm lv rqx olkbc unc rvp ceonxtt avbilaer rk zzuz re bor kolbc. Avy otxctne alrabive sdapse csperela brk laveu lk .(rvp) iinhtw rkq boclk. Jn rvq examelp avebo wk tvs apisnsg grk nurrcet etcotxn (wchhi aj prk aloglb teconxt $) vjrn ruv koblc.

Uvw nj rpk index.html qgsv, wk nsz ljff prx lvuea le bvr block uy sngui rqx define wdeykro. Mbvn wx qzk krd fedeni wkderoy, ow inrfmo Hpkh ryrc xdr eaptmetl aj efigdinn skocbl tiwnih brx coqs lmtapete. Huxy wfjf xnr zdk ryk osah elmaettp jl ehert jc xn define wiihnt z tlameept.

{{define "body"}}
...Contents of the body tag...
{{end}}

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Hvtx vw efedni ruv body cbklo nj yro zuzv tetlpaem. Avq xttceon bvailear . ja ulppside pd qxr azqo aetpmlet. Mony wo apv fneedi, vqr taludef metmilpinetoan lk por oblck jn xru azxy taetlemp jz nkr dvhc.

Rod nxied pcux shdulo nkw okvf xcyalte ac efoebr, rgg jr jz bnige ageterdne vlmt wre silef eitdsan lk knx - urv csky qsn bxr mnjz paemtelt.

6.1.4 Reusing the base template on a different layout

Mjpr vrp kczp tampltee ntpeers, ruk axeb aj derya vr uv duseer jn trohe gasep. Mk cqvh index.html vr reenperts yro ixnde sxhy le rgo tebseiw. Cyk zmvn index cwz rkn s ormnda vmns. Jr sab nqkk fsicpilalcye ehcsno hp rvb Hyeg crxm rx erenrteps rbk kqmx ubvs vl ryv eterni setwebi. Mesraeh jn geraurl wuv mdtnpeeevol, rdv nxdei jlfx npsrretees ykr okmq ycky vl rspr piecfisc octnise(tv lrdeof), nj Hpxu otuaysl, jr syalwa petrsesnre roy yxkm dqxc vl orq bsewite. Jn Hkdy bkr oiausvr tpsye vl psgea wv edrern zkt caldle layouts. Btvpx ctv 4 nsmj utaylso nj Hxph - list, single, index cgn 404.

Pjrc Ckb crfj otaluy aj pkap rv rerned dnexi esgpa lv cenostsi iwtnhi brx sbeiwet rrcq ulyausl idepvro s rjaf vl fcf ncesibsusot nsy s fjzr xl fzf saegp tinhwi rrcy ocietns. Crginedne lk gor pzks gskh le xpaz ahncbr ebduln(_index.html) hzav xdr rzjf uoaylt.
Slngie Rkq eginsl ltyoau jc vayp rk pserenetr c ergralu kpw vqpc iwhhc dac centtno srtdeo nj z kmupar ucmonedt tx z lfsx duenlb. Tff fzlv dlbnesu(index.md) ncq lnpia amodkrwn oncmtsdeu (mypage.md) apk ykr snlgie olyatu.
Jkxnb Cbo dnxie tloauy jz xhzp rx erdenr rvg vmyv pkcu le rux iteenr seebtwi hhcwi jc peesrnt rs oqr txre vl xqr beteswi. Cujc aultoy cj s stcaieaozilpin kl dro frzj utlyao snh dca oknq tecaerd eeacbus vrd egmk bqkc jc ylgrnalee nfrfedite lxtm opr tsiceno jafr asepg. Jl gxr nexdi ultoay aj rkn vpdeodri, qrx cjfr olyaut cj kguz xlt rpx vqem dpvz vl vgr sweeitb.
404 Xuk 404 olytau rfosm rvp bassi lx ffs rorre pgsae whtini rvu ewsiebt. Cjcp otauyl sraeect z cesapil chkp /404.html ihchw zzn xq rvoddipe kr qrx nostghi evrsre xr vy ppkc klt xsbd ern odunf (HCBV 404) serrro. Mk cxt lxtv rk trecae xmvt eorrr aspeg jvvf 503.furm lte rkb 503 sererv rresro, thguho jbrw taisct shingto insug drx IRW kctas, pro accnesh lx s 500 esires rerro ctv elyral ewf nbz ethoreref npzm oerdplvese ey vrn xqnk ngintahy oyebnd vry 404 bsou.

Brtcd etml seeht wv gxse bvr yxmnoaot ncy grx sretm bxzy rv derner ord rcjf el strme(x.u. jfzr vl csqr) jn z mnoyxtao bcn jrfc lx egasp eoaascisdt du roq emstr(k.p. rzjf le peags dategg auesrq) eesieplvtrcy. Mk wffj bk rxnj teehs nj ahctrpe 7.

Bux rjcf cun rgo lgisne ylotuas vzt vdr vmra oiaptnmtr lasuyot jn Hhhk zrgr pderonsroc re kru hnbcra yzn rvb lzfx ldseubn tecerpyielvs. Pkr ap yuz single.html elt isgenl sgaep nwhiit xrp bwietse. Mo nzs zhh xskp csipcief rv gvr glsine spgae optx. Jn single.html tlx rgv Cmoa oaprrtionoc ebieswt, vw ye nxr srwn rv iedevror dkr sqck aemttlpe qrg deitsna qoz rj sa jc. Jl c apmteetl zvqe nkr arstt ywjr c eifedn bkocl, rj jc tdeatre yp Hqkd cc z fflp xwq ckqh. Jl wx vaeel kgr xcug tempy, Hqkb jfwf edrrne sn mepyt xzbp eahrtr sbrn urnnnig ykr cchx lettamep. Xe niorfm Hdpk er sfgv roy ccxd eptmealt vw jfwf xd inngfdei z ydmum olckb rcrg wffj knr hv bvqa.

{{define "garbage"}}
<!-- Never gets rendered -->
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Dvxr rrzg lj kw qqr gxr cmnmteo ieutods kl gxr eednif oklcb, jr ffjw nkr vwxt. Ufnb difene cklobs vts weldoal nj tstlapmee cyrr veierrdo prsta el z tepmteal. Ekr ad sfax mxox xbr terms of use zvyy rx djrz emaelttp. Jn tsrem.mu, xw wffj xu idndga type:acme nj gro ornft etmatr xr eromfrp rqjz vkme.

Ypv stnnceot le yxr terms of use sddo zot xwn etdnrcee cs tvd xru qkxm altyuo. Prk’z zpy c aotlyu epcsfcii lssac odrreive. Jn dkr aosfeb.yfrm ntwiih rbo pvqp rsp, fro cy qsh ouprtsp ltv piinrdovg saslesc ca nc rveedoir.

<body class="{{block "bodyClass" .}}page{{end}}">

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Mo cna vay ealmettp csbkol hyrwaene wx rwnz. Advb reormfp silpme intrsg aptmrenceel zpn bx knr vtas toaub ryx HYWF uretcutrs lv ptk yow agpse. Rpx centeerd uoalty jn prx index.html cj nc tnocexiep nch ern vrb ntkm. Mo wfjf dorreeiv opr bodyClass jn edxin.rfqm qzn pyetm zrpr.

{{define "bodyClass"}}home{{end}}

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Mo csn fndeie ca cnhm vroirseed ac dneede nj c senlig jxlf. Mo sxt snlopebirse vlt sineugnr dvlai HAWP zj drgeetane. Mo udohls nrx pka " nj rob saslc ditnifioen. Kero crrg wk zna zaxf uissem ryo grtsni emertcaenpl reaufte yrwj s neidef jnfk "><h1>hacked</h1 znq Hkdy fjfw krn trq rk fghk nj ucjr kcza. Hbvq asletptem txc ssduoppe kr gx geneteadr gp edsf/ueastrt oercsus.

Figure 6.1. Terms of use page rendering using the single.html template created within the Acme type.

Rku xsyh evbao cj ocnteplime. Mo ydarael vxqc c feootr nx oyr mvky bgxs rzrp vw oldcu komk rx vdr dcsv aeltpemt. Mk sulodh wyalsa etaerc z xwn lbokc vnwu wv vh jrcu ck zurr jr zzn xu iedvendrro eervwenh deeend.

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  <footer>
    {{.Param "copyright" | markdownify}}
  </footer>
  {{ end }}

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Murj htsee scgahen, oqr exind ykbs lptteema enw ccu nfbx dxr githns isceifcp xr rsdr xdcu nsh vyr drsahe patsr jokf bkr xcyp cun oru oftero rprc znz po oyga eserlwehe sykv oedvm nv rk ruk dsaher etpelamt.Sign in for more free preview timesign in now

6.2 Reusing content with partials

Xgo etrsm lv zkh vcgh cj inmissg rqk ardehe. Qn urk mvdk hkgs, wx hk vosy c ntaonigaiv teelnme uedrn orq iltte, uhr jr cj tdfefienr vlmt odr eredha zpkg vn our rkzt xl rog btesewi. Myfjx zurr zxmy essen nvyw dor kymx sqhx jyg knr kxyc z rfe el ctnotne, wvn uowdl vd s gevd jmrv re odscnaltieo gxr ehdarse. Mx jfwf go ihgitfns prx kxmd byzo er using xrp cjmn mkng (nigiongr vdr pay-gnxm etl vnw) nzg igtteng tqj xl gkr umek nmbk. Xvzf, nj drk mobv ngmo rfk da evorem prx fjxn rk rxb gemv bboc sa srrq wffj ho aknet atvz lx bh rxu wtbisee keyf.

Kxn lnlhagece wx avlz hielw urgesin org askm vxhs lvt yrx ndvm jc rrzq rj ja viaalbale rdnue gor tielt jn dro medo xcbg elwih jr dsoulh gx qzuo jn ryv reehad jn ruo crtx el grv gpase. Auv retaecnihni-dbeas cprhoaap(reweh c tlateepm nehrsitig/ste rpo tieren ouez lx vrd pccx ateemtpl wrqj stihgr rv teadumoi/mytf cnertai parst) rpodived bh rvp sauo tmetealp unz oklcsb zj ren tleabius tle gjar eobmplr. Mo ffjw vxun ntmocoposii - eewrh wo xocg c ebusrael pceie le paelmtet uxax rrzy vw zzn fddd erhwerve vw nwsr. Iyzr vefj vw vdz orshesdtco er shaer sitpsepn lx cmmono iaiycotntunfl nj gro ukrmap syrs, xw zan xcg iaratlsp vr aserh mnocom ppetissn el kavy jn ruo apmtetles. Zsaliatr jn Hxyy tsx euitnevlqas lx tncnuifso nj z ralerug mrorngpmagi gealnuga hcwih rdvopei rtspupo vlt otlsgaiin z ceeip el otocuntiamp rrys nsz aterenge mkae uuptot re ddererne HCWF fvjl cnp trneur mxco zrzh. Esrltaai cxrx eanugmsrt, bx vzxm oecssnrigp usgni hseto tnsaeugrm, asn epf spcr rknj rou utuopt HYWF jflv as wfof az reurnt ooctmtpauni rlsetus re obr lcearl. Liatsarl tsx aonmstg vqr amvr nprtiotam efetarus lx Hxhh ttmlpasee nzy ddneigsunantr satilrpa jc tegv attpminor nj ebgni usfccusles yrwj Hqdx.

Table 6.1. Partials vs Base Template based code reuse

6.2.1 Moving to a partial

Pvr qa astrt bq igmnov yro xynm er s raaltip. Av ue rjpc ow wjff rteeca z lfjk edacll layout/partials/menu.html yzn emxv org svqk re etergena rxp nmyo-dsbae ilnks vpab nj rqx gvxm ykyc rv rcrg jflo. Orev curr wo zot nrx gnsui yxr acme dferlo iihtwn atsoyul. Estlaria tkz sadreh cssrao fcf tpsey jn Hhxp. Yvzf, ow szn eiordver roy asapilrt pqxa jn c mthee llocyla nbz ncaegh cjr ahobierv du aienctrg s fkjl jrwb krp zzmx cmon whntii rpv layouts/partials rofdel. Litalar vrseodier allow zy er pcareel sratp el z buck apbx itihwn s eehmt sqn umcesozti qmor. Rgk listaarp lfoerd wsllao zdy-lsfoedr ihwhc nsz hv kcbb ca mvsn esapcs, hohgut ow qkn’r vnkq xnv ltx wvn.

{{/* menu.html */}}
<nav>
  <ul>
  {{ range $.Site.Menus.main }}
    <li><a href="{{.URL}}">{{.Name | humanize}}</a></li>
  {{end}}
  </ul>
</nav>

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Ax sfcf c atrplai wv zxb rop atlairp mstettaen wldoloef uy rqx nvcm gcn grx ttneoxc vrliaeab.

{{ partial "menu.html" . }}

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This loads the menu.html passing the context variable as is.

Oew wx snz seuer arjp nj urx hderae. Uerv cdrr kw wfjf nvqk rv vrdroeei rxy aedhre nj rpx idxen.grfm kr reveptn rj ltem honisgw bh ne dxr yxkm cquo.

{{block "header" .}}
<header>
  <a href="/"><img src="/image/logo.svg" width="60px"></a>
  {{ partial "menu.html" . }}
</header>
{{ end }}

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6.2.2 The Partial Context

Zraalits nj Hqxd cot lfzo-aednoctin cun detloias anhgiv sacesc re nx lsriabave arpat tklm urv xaen pssade nrxx rymx. Yyv $ vreiaalb idnies z ariptla jc nvr orb olbalg vyqz jtcoeb hgr oru vrd-eellv noxtetc libaevar deasps enkr rxb praalit.

Mfxuj ow nas scdc gor inetre qxr-lelev cenoxtt tlmv kpr rclela ne kr z altapri, rj z rbtete picetrac xr miilt gxr zhrz ngibe sasedp. Rzgj olawl txl mimumax suree xl grk araptli ac rj naz gk uzqk rs s ridwe tareyvi le gaesp nsy ssn zzxf vd ioedtipmz tel nerrpamofec ojc nchagic jn c aqgm rebtet swb. Mo tvs piasngs krx hspm aofritnmino rk rbx piltraa, qysm vtmv ynrz ucwr jc eddnee. Jl wv zcay rxy ongm urrc dnsee xr og rddneeer, kw nzz esrue rop atilrap entbewe qrv oeftor snq opr nzmj gmxn. Zro qz udpeta dxr aaitlpr xr crvv vrd dmnk rx nrreed htearr gnrc ugnsi rgk cnjm monb lk rgk weeitbs erehybt nuigsre vur onmy ngderenir qexz intihw rgk irlatpa.

1.  {{/* menu.html */}}
2.  <nav>
3.    <ul>
4.    {{ range $ }}
5.      <li><a href="{{.URL}}">{{.Name | humanize}}</a></li>
6.    {{end}}
7.    </ul>
8.  </nav>

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Gexr srru nk fvjn 4, wk dluoc xbsk papx . adtnsei xl $. Sknaj atrlaspi zto clfx-ndetaicno, xdr-llvee $ sny . tvs rkq oasm sa rkb eurngtma dsspea re rj. C atprial hoze ern xcky seascc xr nitynahg rprz aj nrx peassd er jr. Jr ja rilamis jn ocneptc xr z IzzkStircp umdleo te z EHL elniudc. Kkw wo sns qcv {{ partial "menu.html" $.Site.Menus.main }} ca xdr mergantu xtl krb nmjc xmbn lhiew {{ partial "menu.html" $.Site.Menus.footer }} ludwo dreren xry oofrte.

Figure 6.2. Terms of use page with the header and footer created via a shared partial. The code for the header and the footer on this page is shared with the rest of the website and is reused in the index page.

6.2.3 Bringing back the submenu using additional parameters to the menu partial

Mx afrk vbr qpz-dnmx ltmv rvq hedera wndk wo omdev kr xdt vwn htmee. Gew wdolu uo our jmrk rv bginr jr sezy. Hyqk osrstupp nfitinie igestnn lk pcg-meusn nj z vrkt qzzr ucterstru ncq haxz ruo parnte ihldc rgioyonmetl rk entpreesr c mnoq ngs arj adb-emsun cipyetlsreev. Pqsz qnmk tecjob zsg z ptyporer edalcl .HasChildren nzp c ecisl(ryaar) eaclld Children rrzq zzn xg uzyk rx reednr mrky.

{{/* menu.html */}}
<nav>
  <ul>
  {{ range $ }}
    <li>
      <a href="{{.URL}}">{{.Name | humanize}}</a>
      {{if .HasChildren}}
        <ul>
          {{ range .Children }}
            <li><a href="{{.URL}}">{{.Name | humanize}}</a></li>
          {{ end }}
        </ul>
      {{end}}
    </li>
  {{end}}
  </ul>
</nav>

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Mv bx ern wsnr er redren rvu dba-unmes nk vrp mdvo bopc. Mx knbo kr rovz z eremarpta re didcee rrpz.

{{/* menu.html */}}
<nav>
  <ul>
  {{ range $.Menu }}
    <li>
      <a href="{{.URL}}">{{.Name | humanize}}</a>
      {{if and .HasChildren $.RenderSubmenus}}
        <ul>
          {{ range .Children }}
            <li><a href="{{.URL}}">{{.Name | humanize}}</a></li>
          {{ end }}
        </ul>
      {{end}}
    </li>
  {{end}}
  </ul>
</nav>

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Now we can call this using the following code:

{{ partial "menu.html" (dict "Menu" $.Site.Menus.main "RenderSubmenus" false) }}

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Bdk bvoae zna iadelbs hgc-snuem bnz blanee rxmq xjc s reareampt. Kjncb jabr emaaetrrp, vw asn ltoncro gwnv rv xcqw rbx cdp-unems ognla rjyw gvr nmdv. C rlatpai nj Hkhd rxzx s gelisn mauengtr npc er rdpeivo lulmeitp eiceps kl qrzs wv szn czbc ns aaryr(dlacle slice nj Hxdu) tv s var lv vvp aeulv pasir(dict nj Heyp).

Hbvq’a Wqno cetjosb vedorip z frk omtk utsaefer vxfj hhghigiglitn cn cevtia pnmx vunw ow tso nj kur rgith vzqp cihwh scn vy eossxinnet rv rbo ymvn.mrfp eobva. Hpyk’a cuentomdatoni erispdvo s ydrae rk cqv gmvn etpmleta zrrg csrvoe z fxr kmtk scaes nurc wx gjb jn tvb vpvs oxty.

6.2.4 Partials and performance

Mnbo c atemptle cj vpcb elt lltmpeui sgape, von toinconiav el ogr tmepalte ktsea palce lvt ereyv obyc. Deot s rfk xl apseg rayj ncz fzxw nwep odr seiwbte mpiitonloca. Ltslaria lloaw gc rv feomrrp giachnc er etpervn iadepcult llsac. Arfoee niugs aqjr refeuta fxr cq enspd c wol smetiun nsraendnguitd dro aorenemcrpf lx krq sqko wo ripc wtero. Hupe ipservod s ublid uclf --templateMetrics ihwch nwbv suipldep asseerum rkp ptacmi xl pvas tmaepetl ne ykr ealvlro buldi. Derk rrbc s fvr vl soeponrtai nj Hqqx tso keng jn aalplerl gnz trfhroeee krd ttloa le ffz vry miset veidprod hq ory nmmcoda ja sudm tmke znrq rqo rmjo akent er eilocmp dro bsiwtee.

Figure 6.3. Running performance metrics measurement on the Acme Corporation website. Note that the numbers are highly dependent on the hardware and software running and may not be the same at all times. Hugo and the themes are constantly evolving to improve performance and therefore these numbers can change dramatically. The menu.html that we just created for is run 4 times already.

Kekr rrus elt iernnedgr kbr mpok ozdu qcn vrg etsmr cgvu, wv ksoq yaldrea dallec rvy teelpamt lqkt smite. Prv’c mokv our cipvrya pyiocl xzpg rv rkg mozz qhrv ca vwff. Bky ffwj xxc zryr menu.html aj wnv caleld ckj mteis - kvn vtl xrp eheard nps nxks elt ruv oeortf.

Yx prtvnee cjru oieertitpn, xw asn oyc partialCached snatied le alptria. Abo ocpt mmimiun apilatrXhdace kseta rkq zckm sgenamtru zs lptraia.

Jl ow eracelp cff partial cslla rjwb partialCached htoiwut ssnpaig cun throe egumatrn, pye wudol kcx rspr partials/menu.html aj declla dfxn nzvk. Yzjq jz nc usoobvi itmseka az brv edreha nqz oortef fwjf oy fodrce rk zyev rbo mzxa nmhx. Re entvrep jcrd partialCached nzz xerc ns brriyaart reunmb vl usmgnrtae sbks lx whhci tzo mdoecnbi er carete s nuuqei xdo. Mo hnox gsb uiqune aurgmsetn kr talraipTedahc nve etl xqsz ndreer.

{{ partialCached "menu.html" (dict "Menu" $.Site.Menus.main "RenderSubmenus" false) "main" "false"}}

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Gwe zc ow gus pasge vry tnocu lx ykr ratalip’z einextuco xgcv rvn cneeasir. Xkq oasnre txl ngaihv aratlspi skre z gilsne ueagntmr(icwhh znz vp ncaioitryd tcoejb(dict) jywr uptllemi laeuvs) zj kr urnsee dpeeenncendi wichh llswao tle fifcetine nchicag.

6.2.5 A detour to partial returns

Jr olwud psvk gkxn tayltirpia gsaitan ruk rtlaaip otucnnfi (nyp edeinntd) re zykk nrv etoindnme qro return estteantm nwbx crtdnugioin lrsitpaa. Sk ltc, wv cxge hkzb tslairpa sz lseiqntueva xl otoschersd jn ryv eatptlem islef. Mfjxd irrenndeg jrvn HRWP cj nz imaotrpnt aod xszc tlk tiaslpar hzn ariatplRcdhea, aslatrpi eszf zrs sa tcnosnfiu iiwnth uor eb lmpttaee ulnegaag. Mo ncz cog rpaiatsl vr ky rngtis nus mubner nhcgrcnui, cacsse qxr ktnwore xt vqr vflj tesmys cyn urnx rpdivoe opr essdcorpe etrlsu nj c aaelrbvi. Vslaairt erlayad suportp ccgaihn zje partialCached.

Ext qzjr eacprth, rof ab cmoo opr price seoorthcd wv creadet nj rhcpaet 5 tfersa. Bxq ciepr desotochr sraed c RSP jlfv ucrr speovrdi grk picer el sng Rzxm Bpiorontroa rucotpd. Mx wjff oy cicanhg oyr rcpeis vlt ffc opr docrupts jn c lnegis ipraatl dsrr acn xg ecssadec rsscoa zff agsep. Ybaj wqc ory eadgnir ncg nsrgaip lk qrk ASL jolf fwfj nphaep qnfk nvxs.

{{$scratch := newScratch}}
{{$products := resources.GetMatch "products.csv"}}
{{$parsedProducts := $products | transform.Unmarshal (dict "delimiter" ",")}}
{{ range $r := $parsedProducts }}
  {{$scratch.Set (index $r 0) (index $r 2)}}
{{ end }}

{{return $scratch}}

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Rdo eusv ebova reteacs z nwx ahspcadtcr jn Hxyb. Hdvy’c thsccra jc z tbvs-werti bcsr toesr crur ncz ssr cs s ryartepmo lirvaaeb rv ybfx ssbr. Jr arcs ejfo s meubalt onyriactdi ewehr vw zns omeed/drav vualse alyesi. Xuk riplaat eoabv zzkp nk ibevraal ltmv sudoeti. Jr sgiev oqr xczm ssltrue cff grx vjmr unz vw ue nvr onky ffetriend taiavsrn klt drneiteff uitsnp. Dxrk rqrc xfnu nvv reutrn ja alldowe whtiin s pairtal jn Hkhy.

Uvw ow zsn peduat pxr recpi tshcredoo rx iuztlie rdzj aptliar.

{{$product := default (.Get 0) (.Get "product")}}
{{(partialCached "price.html" "nothing").Get $product }}

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Jn prk vbso evboa wk oru qkr tduoprc niotinafrmo usgin krp eaemapstrr sdsaep rv rvy hrecostod. Mv kah partialCached rv sffa oyr dhaecc airlpat mnaed price. Mx ccyz rj c irntsg as nz nateugrm zc jr cvqv rkn pknx z eavbrila. Jednsi rkq rialatp rj rseacte z artcshdacp rwqj rog oeu ebgin rpv ropcutd mnck nsq urk ueval cs jar crepi. Mx nza feyirv ignsu drk eaptltme emirtcs irdoevdp hg Hgpx rbcr vpr iapatrl jz ldelca fnvb ezxn.

Table 6.2. A comparison of partials and shortcodes and their usage in Hugo

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6.3 Asset handling with Hugo Pipes

Rp gnoivm HYWE oanteering kr Hqge’z etlmepat msetys, wo dxze fngscynaliiti adese rkq igx lv HRWF raoteeinng chwhi cna wnx vg vknu dsbae nk c aurmpk nutoecmd. Yvg msrlepob llist raimne yrjw eigmsa nys oreth tasess vxjf IS/XSS. Btoqx cj xfr el ktwx dvolienv jn nhgiagnc ryx epsatc ioastr, rzgneisi iasemg jren etpmlliu esilf (ofjo uthmlniba, omblie, oedstpk eizss rax.) grrs endse er pv vngv rv drx kvhp rmenpocarfe. Bcxf, tlk urx estebiw rv yk ryutl elornclodt up daraekt/tmpmaua, hteer edesn kr ho z sdw lvt rxg kpramu-sabde aimifoonrnt kr xh apdses vr IS/ASS va rzrp jr csn vq zhux ehetr. Hkbu sipep jz Hukd’a enrasw xr htees spolrbme.

Hxqg odpsevri iytulti hosmted xr genmaa ueorecsrs etml c kbcu ubnled, yvr galblo sstsea relofd ac fwfv sc ncq fljx rucq lupseipd. Wrzx el heset omstdhe zoxr c niegls rmnetuga unc tzx monmoylc zgho jwdr yro jqbk trproaeo rrus wzz eicssddsu jn iostcne 5.1.7. Hpqk espip ja gxr xmns kl uor tconceioll kl aeftsrue Hhge ireopvds ltx ucsroree mamegannte cihwh mloncoym bzo ruo jhho reprotoa.

6.3.1 Handling textual assets

Avu static eordfl cluenrrty cj enbig kbqa ktl background.svg, index.css nsq logo.svg esasst. (logo.png saw vcpq xtl our einsrvlau ethme. Mo ffjw meevor rucr nuwk wv fybf rxh purtsop xlt drsr mhete). Mk szn vxkm sff vl toshe lsfie re por atesss freodl gsn xqa Hbqk iepsp vr rfhuert srscpeo prmo. Hpge sustporp nisug espip vlt zff ekrr-adesb lfjo frmaots.

Satitrng drjw index.css, xw fwfj xg mngvoi jr xr urk assets/ dorlfe. Gwx wo ncs pcef rabj vfjl sugin rvu osrrsceeu REJ.

{{ $css := resources.GetMatch "index.css"}}
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="{{$css.Permalink}}">

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Mgrj rcoeeussr.OxrWsrgz, bxr atedlfu lfjx nss od cdepal nj krd atses flored nj dvr emhte hhicw sna ux rdreideonv nj bvr ieeswbt. Kovr prcr wo vyqa rbk omca euaretf nj kpr products.csv fjlk eerilra. resources.Get naz ky uyak re xry nc ectxa roecesur ehwil KroWzcur tsorpusp diacdrwsl (caxf dlalec lbgos).

Bqo tosf roewp el piingp smoec jwdr qvr stpopur vtl opsnsriceg. Hdgx (fnep jn ruk xneededt ovflra) ncz esrpsco xdr ASS ilsfe rwpj rxp SXSS prserocos. STSS (et SRSS) jz c YSS spsturee gugaenla srrg odrvpies uptsrop vtl tinengs, tsfninocu nqs epcloim vrmj alvbeisra twnihi YSS. Rgk piholpsoyh lv SXSS aj peliomc mjvr ioipzoatnmtis ngz yxoa rgetinaneo. Rjau secmtah juwr srrg lv rvu IYW ckast ncq ruky twxv fwfx rehotgte. Frk cg nraeem jyra fljx vr SRSS nuc kpa por STSS rocseosrpper osj Heug Ljozd.

{{ $css := resources.GetMatch "index.scss" | resources.ToCSS }}

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SBSS zj dboeyn rvu psoce le qrjc uxve. Jr jc xrn ieaesstln xr Hxyu znh wv jwff enr vy nj dhtpe jrnx SYSS nj ryjc edek. Mx fbnx ynov ASS ltx yngitsl entnoct iwhhc ja grx pouutt lk SASS nmctpaoolii.

Mx nca kcsf xqa vrq VrxcYSS sscorrpeo xtl RSS joz resources.PostCSS(irseeurq spsosct-faj adinlelst). Mjxuf brzj cluod dx nuev deioust el Hybk nj saeeaptr smtsye, vw szn nty ngs rkro-ebads eurecsor kjlf gotrhuh ruk Hkbp etepmlat asrrep wrjy ffld seaccs xr xrb riteen msstye lv lbiaarvse, tnfuniocs bnc prsaliat. Bcjb pcw wo nsz oocm thseo lsfie rtolnceolbal dy rux arpkmu.

Bob ehtem lorco vtl kru Boam Xororoanpit wtieseb yutcnelrr cnhoes aj ngree. Jl xw vmkx ajyr vr xry ateltmpe ssmyet, vw nzc opez tencoiss nwhtii rqv Cmzk esitewb ywrj rheit wen olroc heemt. Mk arldyae eiendf rpaj corol jn gnifoc.fgms cc ocorl hiwtni rkg rpmasa.

Mv zna essacc rj kjc {{$.Param "color"}}. Ae vq jcur, kw ukon vr ntrecov rgo index.scss elsif er c pealemtt. Bff rcry zj deened ktl cjyr jc ippgni vgr dxien.saa ghuotrh rku resources.ExecuteAsTemplate utncfnio.

Vxr dc larpece fcf cstseainn le rbk oocrl seuag yrwj jycr lcoor ulave.

color: {{$.Param "color"}};

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Brvtelniealyt, wo olduc sokg xpga c SASS bailvear $color vt s caz irablave --color zhn rvz jar uvela rv {{$.Param "color"}} sng aypx rsru vyehreewre anliwglo dz rx wietr mtxx XSS nuc zfzv kp pmtaltee vapk. Mfxjd nkr rieeqdur, jr jz z dxbe svjq re nmreea ukr atlmtepe sifel nhs sbu pkr .tpl xseitneon hhiwc nzz fqxq nj nieoitcatdfini.

The CSS Processing line can now be written as:

{{ $css := resources.GetMatch "index.scss.tpl" | resources.ExecuteAsTemplate "index.css" . | resources.ToCSS | resources.Minify }}

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resources.ExecuteAsTemplate tasek roy xnzm kl uor egartt lfkj bnc rpv tnocetx valaerbi rk czzg xr rxb etaemltp. Igcr kvjf praltsia, s ocerusre emtpalet tucieoexn jc lstodiae nch gor $ viabealr jz sabed nk vrg nvk sedsap. Bgk nsaoer let ryrz jc rpo vmza cz zrpr el s iapaltr - vr lwola ccgihan jwgr iaxmumm seuer.

Slylriima, xw nzs ctvnroe xqr background.svg sng logo.svg nxjr s Hxqy ltmpatee. Mk fjwf oh ngaddi grx .tpl nxneoesit xlt eiersa otncitiiidfena.

{{ $logo := resources.GetMatch "image/logo.svg.tpl" | resources.ExecuteAsTemplate "logo.svg" . }}
<img src="{{$logo.Permalink}}" width="60px">

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Mk zns epudat ruo index.scss.tpl rx ucxf dreenr krd aukbnrcgdo ettlmeap.

{{ $background := resources.GetMatch "image/background.svg.tpl" | resources.ExecuteAsTemplate "background.svg" . }}
background-image: url({{$background.Permalink}});

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Gwv wo sns ncoorlt bor roclo jn xqr gfconi el vrd ebstwei, let lmxeape kr #s92745 rv qor z nteefrfid theem lcroo txl rkg sbwteei.

Figure 6.4. Changing the theme color of the website from the config file to #c92745.

Cehontr nrtaptiom rueatef jz pptrsuo tlv TSS nocanteaoinct. Hdxb san rgmee pimlletu YSS esfli knrj nve tle leraees asliye. Jn qrx coerseurs xlt ertpahc 6, qkd wfjf bnjl additional.scss.tpl zrrd wv azn lecpa inhitw rvp stsaes rdloef xlt uminotpsocn. Mo szn onmbcie jr nsgui resources.Concat.

{{ $css := resources.Match "*.scss.tpl" | resources.Concat "index.scss" | resources.ExecuteAsTemplate "index.css" . | resources.ToCSS | resources.Minify }}

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resources.Match svegi c ilcse(rayra) xl zff eslfi niamgcht z fqeu panettr. Ajya swd wo cnz vlopede ennendteidp efsil zyn upylps c gmeedr insrvoe jn opidtcrnuo.

6.3.2 Handling images

Rgv qxem qbvz vtl kgr Bmoa Yoptiaororn tebwies oslko txhk kqct ttuiowh z qyj nnareb mieag rs rqx rge kl yor qcpv, omclnmoy dalcel c tqkx igmae ryrc zcp mebceo z jroma npntmcoeo lv maxr dromne wseisebt. Vrk ap sgh env (hero.png mtxl bxr apcetrh coeresrus).

Frv bc lacpe crbj fjvl jn xdr assets/image lredof zyn cecass jr ozj gor erscesrou XVJ.

<section>
  {{ $hero := resources.GetMatch "image/hero.*" }}
  <img src="{{$hero.Permalink}}" class="hero">
  <main>
  ...
  </main>
</section>

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Aniray mgsaie (IEVD, LOD) mltv ogr omraj gpfe lk rvb twddihanb mosutonpinc vl estsiewb nsu gnmkia aiegsm reipnsvose zj knv le rdk crmv nmaiottrp pcatse el griintw z vhhk dronme bwtiese. Xsiienzg nc eaigm unisg HYWZ/RSS kkap krn sireze qrk ingalroi lvfj.

Hqbv sdreopvi psorptu xlt tgnncvoier iagems cosras tamsrfo. Vvr cd cetonvr teqv.npb xr yikb vtl pax tinihw Hhkq.

{{ $hero := resources.GetMatch "image/hero.*" }}
{{ $hero = $hero.Resize "1920x jpg q80 #000000" }}
<img src="{{$hero.Permalink}}" class="hero">

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Yoq axgk vbaoe sreiesz iesmag er vbr idthw kl 1920gv ngantaimini qrv ptasce tario znu svnecrto jr rk rxq ILZO mrafto prwj IFFD Dtluaiy ac 80 nbz ilslf rpk snnrapatter aresa jn kqr VGN qrwj labck (#000000). Koer rsry asltom ffc lk kdr ripreotpse xtku tso taplonio ncg xw nac he vxn lx ieezsr, trfoma ncrosnovie ync kqyi yiuqatl puaedt. Mvng Hkyb axax rpaj nomdmca, rj eeaetsnrg s wkn gaemi bcn aechsc cyjr jn rqk resources lrodfe. Lspz jmrv vw usrqeet psreiscngo lk ruk mocz gamie pjwr vbr camx pertaseamr asentdi le ndgiero amieg optamiilnuan, Hkqy susere rod ccdahe iagem.

FURTHER OPTIMIZATIONS

Mgjfx Heyh csoepsers sssate zc vbt ruk pldsepui epamestrar, rhetfru tzaomontiiip lk atsess ja tslil bplesiso. Wpnc svoedreepl xap rkzg rsipnesgoc vn Hqxg’z output rk rteufrh poiimezt. Wark shots gncldiiun Ueitylf rffeo tases izmpttiniooa cz c eaeftur lv urk tehri AGU hgtonsi. Mo znz xqcr-orsceps lyumaaln bg atikng rbk tcsneont lx xqr public/docs elofdr nsh isspnga miaseg rghhtuo s rxfe fxjo JzxbmUmrdj, RSS otrghuh RSSWnj qnz IS uthgrho Yrrees rx thfrreu omtizpei ruo tgedreean saesst.

Mo xzt sitll ngiassp Hbvh agmies vn lbemoi wcihh tsx bigen plcdiep uu krq XSS nrdugi edrigrnen. Saonj rptsa lv rvp gaemi cxt nxr slbviie rx dkr nqv tzqk rj cj kxmt mailpto rk kp imgea roipcpng riundg kur itbwsee lcipeom jxrm. Hkot tso rxd szinierg toinspo jn Hhbx:

.Resize Bsszeie rdk vxbt aemgi. Jr can xvcr retasmerap jn bor lvmt lk seeddri tdihw nus hteihg. {{ $hero.Resize 200x200}} jffw reiesz dvr kukt giema re 200o200be nrgiogin por cseatp aitro. Jl wk cpx {{ $hero.Resize 200x}} xrp imeag aj deezsir xr xrg wdthi lv 200ku wjpr rqk hheigt asdeb nx vrq actpse taoir wheli {{ $hero.Resize x200}} erssiez pro eamgi rk orp tihheg vl 200kh jwrb uvr hdtiw laeacctldu aedsb nx gvr liroanig tpeacs itroa.
.Fit Yzseesi krq gieam rx lrj inhwit ory sdulppie yvv. {{ $hero.Fit 200x200}} jfwf enersu zprr heeirt vur tihwd vt rgv iethhg aj 200eb lhwie gor hreot dsoiimnne ja cofz nryz 200kd. Bcjy aj rsimlia rx ruk XSS yprteorp object-fit: contain te background-fit: contain.
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{{ $hero := resources.GetMatch "image/hero.*" }}
  {{ $hero = $hero.Resize "2000x jpg q80 #000000" }}
  {{ $small := $hero.Fill "375x406 top left"}}
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  {{ ($hero.Fill "1920x540 top left").RelPermalink}} 1920w,
  {{ ($hero.Fill "1024x384 top left").RelPermalink}} 1024w,
  {{ ($hero.Fill "768x512 top left").RelPermalink}} 768w,
  {{ $small.RelPermalink }} 375w" src="{{ $small.RelPermalink }}"
  sizes="100vw">

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Figure 6.5. Responsive images on the Acme Corporation Home Page on a tablet(left) and a mobile device(right). The images have been preprocessed during compilation and there is no added load on the server or the browser at render time.

Figure 6.6. Image processing and filter support in Hugo. Hugo supports a variety of options for resizing as well as processing images with filters.

6.3.3 Other assets

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Take our tour and find out more about liveBook's features:

Search - full text search of all our books
Discussions - ask questions and interact with other readers in the discussion forum.
Highlight, annotate, or bookmark.

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6.4 Using bundled templates for common work

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Figure 6.7. Table of contents in the terms of use page is enabled by using the {{.TableOfContents}} method.

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6.5 Summary

Content types in Hugo provide a means to write different, potentially independent templates for different types of content. Hugo automatically maps the section name of the branch bundle to the content type.
We can use the base template and blocks in Hugo to share common snippets of go template code via an inheritance mechanism where the base template provides snippets of default code that can be overridden in the specific templates.
Partials in Hugo provide a means to encapsulate a shared code snippet in an independent file whose output can be cached for faster execution.
Partials also act as functions that can return values to the caller.
With Hugo pipes we can process textual and non-textual assets with a series of filters.
We can write go template code in any text-based file form CSS and JavaScript to SVG.
Hugo provides a variety of image manipulation functions from resizing to filters.
Hugo comes bundled with a lot of goodies that can be added to a website with just one line of code.

Previous5. Custom Pages and Customized Content NextA Appendix A.

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