Cookbook

This is a repository for short and sweet examples and links for useful pandas recipes. We encourage users to add to this documentation.

Adding interesting links and/or inline examples to this section is a great First Pull Request.

Simplified, condensed, new-user friendly, in-line examples have been inserted where possible to augment the Stack-Overflow and GitHub links. Many of the links contain expanded information, above what the in-line examples offer.

Pandas (pd) and Numpy (np) are the only two abbreviated imported modules. The rest are kept explicitly imported for newer users.

These examples are written for Python 3. Minor tweaks might be necessary for earlier python versions.

Idioms

These are some neat pandas idioms

In [1]: df = pd.DataFrame({'AAA': [4, 5, 6, 7],
   ...:                    'BBB': [10, 20, 30, 40],
   ...:                    'CCC': [100, 50, -30, -50]})
   ...: 

In [2]: df
Out[2]: 
   AAA  BBB  CCC
0    4   10  100
1    5   20   50
2    6   30  -30
3    7   40  -50

if-then…

An if-then on one column

In [3]: df.loc[df.AAA >= 5, 'BBB'] = -1

In [4]: df
Out[4]: 
   AAA  BBB  CCC
0    4   10  100
1    5   -1   50
2    6   -1  -30
3    7   -1  -50

An if-then with assignment to 2 columns:

In [5]: df.loc[df.AAA >= 5, ['BBB', 'CCC']] = 555

In [6]: df
Out[6]: 
   AAA  BBB  CCC
0    4   10  100
1    5  555  555
2    6  555  555
3    7  555  555

Add another line with different logic, to do the -else

In [7]: df.loc[df.AAA < 5, ['BBB', 'CCC']] = 2000

In [8]: df
Out[8]: 
   AAA   BBB   CCC
0    4  2000  2000
1    5   555   555
2    6   555   555
3    7   555   555

Or use pandas where after you’ve set up a mask

In [9]: df_mask = pd.DataFrame({'AAA': [True] * 4,
   ...:                         'BBB': [False] * 4,
   ...:                         'CCC': [True, False] * 2})
   ...: 

In [10]: df.where(df_mask, -1000)
Out[10]: 
   AAA   BBB   CCC
0    4 -1000  2000
1    5 -1000 -1000
2    6 -1000   555
3    7 -1000 -1000

In [11]: df = pd.DataFrame({'AAA': [4, 5, 6, 7],
   ....:                    'BBB': [10, 20, 30, 40],
   ....:                    'CCC': [100, 50, -30, -50]})
   ....: 

In [12]: df
Out[12]: 
   AAA  BBB  CCC
0    4   10  100
1    5   20   50
2    6   30  -30
3    7   40  -50

In [13]: df['logic'] = np.where(df['AAA'] > 5, 'high', 'low')

In [14]: df
Out[14]: 
   AAA  BBB  CCC logic
0    4   10  100   low
1    5   20   50   low
2    6   30  -30  high
3    7   40  -50  high

Splitting

In [15]: df = pd.DataFrame({'AAA': [4, 5, 6, 7],
   ....:                    'BBB': [10, 20, 30, 40],
   ....:                    'CCC': [100, 50, -30, -50]})
   ....: 

In [16]: df
Out[16]: 
   AAA  BBB  CCC
0    4   10  100
1    5   20   50
2    6   30  -30
3    7   40  -50

In [17]: df[df.AAA <= 5]
Out[17]: 
   AAA  BBB  CCC
0    4   10  100
1    5   20   50

In [18]: df[df.AAA > 5]
Out[18]: 
   AAA  BBB  CCC
2    6   30  -30
3    7   40  -50

Building criteria

In [19]: df = pd.DataFrame({'AAA': [4, 5, 6, 7],
   ....:                    'BBB': [10, 20, 30, 40],
   ....:                    'CCC': [100, 50, -30, -50]})
   ....: 

In [20]: df
Out[20]: 
   AAA  BBB  CCC
0    4   10  100
1    5   20   50
2    6   30  -30
3    7   40  -50

…and (without assignment returns a Series)

In [21]: df.loc[(df['BBB'] < 25) & (df['CCC'] >= -40), 'AAA']
Out[21]: 
0    4
1    5
Name: AAA, dtype: int64

…or (without assignment returns a Series)

In [22]: df.loc[(df['BBB'] > 25) | (df['CCC'] >= -40), 'AAA']
Out[22]: 
0    4
1    5
2    6
3    7
Name: AAA, dtype: int64

…or (with assignment modifies the DataFrame.)

In [23]: df.loc[(df['BBB'] > 25) | (df['CCC'] >= 75), 'AAA'] = 0.1

In [24]: df
Out[24]: 
   AAA  BBB  CCC
0  0.1   10  100
1  5.0   20   50
2  0.1   30  -30
3  0.1   40  -50

In [25]: df = pd.DataFrame({'AAA': [4, 5, 6, 7],
   ....:                    'BBB': [10, 20, 30, 40],
   ....:                    'CCC': [100, 50, -30, -50]})
   ....: 

In [26]: df
Out[26]: 
   AAA  BBB  CCC
0    4   10  100
1    5   20   50
2    6   30  -30
3    7   40  -50

In [27]: aValue = 43.0

In [28]: df.loc[(df.CCC - aValue).abs().argsort()]
Out[28]: 
   AAA  BBB  CCC
1    5   20   50
0    4   10  100
2    6   30  -30
3    7   40  -50

In [29]: df = pd.DataFrame({'AAA': [4, 5, 6, 7],
   ....:                    'BBB': [10, 20, 30, 40],
   ....:                    'CCC': [100, 50, -30, -50]})
   ....: 

In [30]: df
Out[30]: 
   AAA  BBB  CCC
0    4   10  100
1    5   20   50
2    6   30  -30
3    7   40  -50

In [31]: Crit1 = df.AAA <= 5.5

In [32]: Crit2 = df.BBB == 10.0

In [33]: Crit3 = df.CCC > -40.0

One could hard code:

In [34]: AllCrit = Crit1 & Crit2 & Crit3

…Or it can be done with a list of dynamically built criteria

In [35]: import functools

In [36]: CritList = [Crit1, Crit2, Crit3]

In [37]: AllCrit = functools.reduce(lambda x, y: x & y, CritList)

In [38]: df[AllCrit]
Out[38]: 
   AAA  BBB  CCC
0    4   10  100

Selection

DataFrames

In [39]: df = pd.DataFrame({'AAA': [4, 5, 6, 7],
   ....:                    'BBB': [10, 20, 30, 40],
   ....:                    'CCC': [100, 50, -30, -50]})
   ....: 

In [40]: df
Out[40]: 
   AAA  BBB  CCC
0    4   10  100
1    5   20   50
2    6   30  -30
3    7   40  -50

In [41]: df[(df.AAA <= 6) & (df.index.isin([0, 2, 4]))]
Out[41]: 
   AAA  BBB  CCC
0    4   10  100
2    6   30  -30

In [42]: df = pd.DataFrame({'AAA': [4, 5, 6, 7],
   ....:                    'BBB': [10, 20, 30, 40],
   ....:                    'CCC': [100, 50, -30, -50]},
   ....:                   index=['foo', 'bar', 'boo', 'kar'])
   ....:

There are 2 explicit slicing methods, with a third general case

Positional-oriented (Python slicing style : exclusive of end)
Label-oriented (Non-Python slicing style : inclusive of end)
General (Either slicing style : depends on if the slice contains labels or positions)

In [43]: df.loc['bar':'kar']  # Label
Out[43]: 
     AAA  BBB  CCC
bar    5   20   50
boo    6   30  -30
kar    7   40  -50

# Generic
In [44]: df.iloc[0:3]
Out[44]: 
     AAA  BBB  CCC
foo    4   10  100
bar    5   20   50
boo    6   30  -30

In [45]: df.loc['bar':'kar']
Out[45]: 
     AAA  BBB  CCC
bar    5   20   50
boo    6   30  -30
kar    7   40  -50

Ambiguity arises when an index consists of integers with a non-zero start or non-unit increment.

In [46]: data = {'AAA': [4, 5, 6, 7],
   ....:         'BBB': [10, 20, 30, 40],
   ....:         'CCC': [100, 50, -30, -50]}
   ....: 

In [47]: df2 = pd.DataFrame(data=data, index=[1, 2, 3, 4])  # Note index starts at 1.

In [48]: df2.iloc[1:3]  # Position-oriented
Out[48]: 
   AAA  BBB  CCC
2    5   20   50
3    6   30  -30

In [49]: df2.loc[1:3]  # Label-oriented
Out[49]: 
   AAA  BBB  CCC
1    4   10  100
2    5   20   50
3    6   30  -30

In [50]: df = pd.DataFrame({'AAA': [4, 5, 6, 7],
   ....:                    'BBB': [10, 20, 30, 40],
   ....:                    'CCC': [100, 50, -30, -50]})
   ....: 

In [51]: df
Out[51]: 
   AAA  BBB  CCC
0    4   10  100
1    5   20   50
2    6   30  -30
3    7   40  -50

In [52]: df[~((df.AAA <= 6) & (df.index.isin([0, 2, 4])))]
Out[52]: 
   AAA  BBB  CCC
1    5   20   50
3    7   40  -50

New columns

In [53]: df = pd.DataFrame({'AAA': [1, 2, 1, 3],
   ....:                    'BBB': [1, 1, 2, 2],
   ....:                    'CCC': [2, 1, 3, 1]})
   ....: 

In [54]: df
Out[54]: 
   AAA  BBB  CCC
0    1    1    2
1    2    1    1
2    1    2    3
3    3    2    1

In [55]: source_cols = df.columns   # Or some subset would work too

In [56]: new_cols = [str(x) + "_cat" for x in source_cols]

In [57]: categories = {1: 'Alpha', 2: 'Beta', 3: 'Charlie'}

In [58]: df[new_cols] = df[source_cols].applymap(categories.get)

In [59]: df
Out[59]: 
   AAA  BBB  CCC  AAA_cat BBB_cat  CCC_cat
0    1    1    2    Alpha   Alpha     Beta
1    2    1    1     Beta   Alpha    Alpha
2    1    2    3    Alpha    Beta  Charlie
3    3    2    1  Charlie    Beta    Alpha

In [60]: df = pd.DataFrame({'AAA': [1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3],
   ....:                    'BBB': [2, 1, 3, 4, 5, 1, 2, 3]})
   ....: 

In [61]: df
Out[61]: 
   AAA  BBB
0    1    2
1    1    1
2    1    3
3    2    4
4    2    5
5    2    1
6    3    2
7    3    3

Method 1 : idxmin() to get the index of the minimums

In [62]: df.loc[df.groupby("AAA")["BBB"].idxmin()]
Out[62]: 
   AAA  BBB
1    1    1
5    2    1
6    3    2

Method 2 : sort then take first of each

In [63]: df.sort_values(by="BBB").groupby("AAA", as_index=False).first()
Out[63]: 
   AAA  BBB
0    1    1
1    2    1
2    3    2

Notice the same results, with the exception of the index.

MultiIndexing

In [64]: df = pd.DataFrame({'row': [0, 1, 2],
   ....:                    'One_X': [1.1, 1.1, 1.1],
   ....:                    'One_Y': [1.2, 1.2, 1.2],
   ....:                    'Two_X': [1.11, 1.11, 1.11],
   ....:                    'Two_Y': [1.22, 1.22, 1.22]})
   ....: 

In [65]: df
Out[65]: 
   row  One_X  One_Y  Two_X  Two_Y
0    0    1.1    1.2   1.11   1.22
1    1    1.1    1.2   1.11   1.22
2    2    1.1    1.2   1.11   1.22

# As Labelled Index
In [66]: df = df.set_index('row')

In [67]: df
Out[67]: 
     One_X  One_Y  Two_X  Two_Y
row                            
0      1.1    1.2   1.11   1.22
1      1.1    1.2   1.11   1.22
2      1.1    1.2   1.11   1.22

# With Hierarchical Columns
In [68]: df.columns = pd.MultiIndex.from_tuples([tuple(c.split('_'))
   ....:                                         for c in df.columns])
   ....: 

In [69]: df
Out[69]: 
     One        Two      
       X    Y     X     Y
row                      
0    1.1  1.2  1.11  1.22
1    1.1  1.2  1.11  1.22
2    1.1  1.2  1.11  1.22

# Now stack & Reset
In [70]: df = df.stack(0).reset_index(1)

In [71]: df
Out[71]: 
    level_1     X     Y
row                    
0       One  1.10  1.20
0       Two  1.11  1.22
1       One  1.10  1.20
1       Two  1.11  1.22
2       One  1.10  1.20
2       Two  1.11  1.22

# And fix the labels (Notice the label 'level_1' got added automatically)
In [72]: df.columns = ['Sample', 'All_X', 'All_Y']

In [73]: df
Out[73]: 
    Sample  All_X  All_Y
row                     
0      One   1.10   1.20
0      Two   1.11   1.22
1      One   1.10   1.20
1      Two   1.11   1.22
2      One   1.10   1.20
2      Two   1.11   1.22

Arithmetic

In [74]: cols = pd.MultiIndex.from_tuples([(x, y) for x in ['A', 'B', 'C']
   ....:                                   for y in ['O', 'I']])
   ....: 

In [75]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(2, 6), index=['n', 'm'], columns=cols)

In [76]: df
Out[76]: 
          A                   B                   C          
          O         I         O         I         O         I
n  0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632  1.212112 -0.173215
m  0.119209 -1.044236 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804

In [77]: df = df.div(df['C'], level=1)

In [78]: df
Out[78]: 
          A                   B              C     
          O         I         O         I    O    I
n  0.387021  1.633022 -1.244983  6.556214  1.0  1.0
m -0.240860 -0.974279  1.741358 -1.963577  1.0  1.0

Slicing

In [79]: coords = [('AA', 'one'), ('AA', 'six'), ('BB', 'one'), ('BB', 'two'),
   ....:           ('BB', 'six')]
   ....: 

In [80]: index = pd.MultiIndex.from_tuples(coords)

In [81]: df = pd.DataFrame([11, 22, 33, 44, 55], index, ['MyData'])

In [82]: df
Out[82]: 
        MyData
AA one      11
   six      22
BB one      33
   two      44
   six      55

To take the cross section of the 1st level and 1st axis the index:

# Note : level and axis are optional, and default to zero
In [83]: df.xs('BB', level=0, axis=0)
Out[83]: 
     MyData
one      33
two      44
six      55

…and now the 2nd level of the 1st axis.

In [84]: df.xs('six', level=1, axis=0)
Out[84]: 
    MyData
AA      22
BB      55

In [85]: import itertools

In [86]: index = list(itertools.product(['Ada', 'Quinn', 'Violet'],
   ....:                                ['Comp', 'Math', 'Sci']))
   ....: 

In [87]: headr = list(itertools.product(['Exams', 'Labs'], ['I', 'II']))

In [88]: indx = pd.MultiIndex.from_tuples(index, names=['Student', 'Course'])

In [89]: cols = pd.MultiIndex.from_tuples(headr)   # Notice these are un-named

In [90]: data = [[70 + x + y + (x * y) % 3 for x in range(4)] for y in range(9)]

In [91]: df = pd.DataFrame(data, indx, cols)

In [92]: df
Out[92]: 
               Exams     Labs    
                   I  II    I  II
Student Course                   
Ada     Comp      70  71   72  73
        Math      71  73   75  74
        Sci       72  75   75  75
Quinn   Comp      73  74   75  76
        Math      74  76   78  77
        Sci       75  78   78  78
Violet  Comp      76  77   78  79
        Math      77  79   81  80
        Sci       78  81   81  81

In [93]: All = slice(None)

In [94]: df.loc['Violet']
Out[94]: 
       Exams     Labs    
           I  II    I  II
Course                   
Comp      76  77   78  79
Math      77  79   81  80
Sci       78  81   81  81

In [95]: df.loc[(All, 'Math'), All]
Out[95]: 
               Exams     Labs    
                   I  II    I  II
Student Course                   
Ada     Math      71  73   75  74
Quinn   Math      74  76   78  77
Violet  Math      77  79   81  80

In [96]: df.loc[(slice('Ada', 'Quinn'), 'Math'), All]
Out[96]: 
               Exams     Labs    
                   I  II    I  II
Student Course                   
Ada     Math      71  73   75  74
Quinn   Math      74  76   78  77

In [97]: df.loc[(All, 'Math'), ('Exams')]
Out[97]: 
                 I  II
Student Course        
Ada     Math    71  73
Quinn   Math    74  76
Violet  Math    77  79

In [98]: df.loc[(All, 'Math'), (All, 'II')]
Out[98]: 
               Exams Labs
                  II   II
Student Course           
Ada     Math      73   74
Quinn   Math      76   77
Violet  Math      79   80

Sorting

In [99]: df.sort_values(by=('Labs', 'II'), ascending=False)
Out[99]: 
               Exams     Labs    
                   I  II    I  II
Student Course                   
Violet  Sci       78  81   81  81
        Math      77  79   81  80
        Comp      76  77   78  79
Quinn   Sci       75  78   78  78
        Math      74  76   78  77
        Comp      73  74   75  76
Ada     Sci       72  75   75  75
        Math      71  73   75  74
        Comp      70  71   72  73

Levels

Missing data

Fill forward a reversed timeseries

In [100]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6, 1),
   .....:                   index=pd.date_range('2013-08-01', periods=6, freq='B'),
   .....:                   columns=list('A'))
   .....: 

In [101]: df.loc[df.index[3], 'A'] = np.nan

In [102]: df
Out[102]: 
                   A
2013-08-01  0.721555
2013-08-02 -0.706771
2013-08-05 -1.039575
2013-08-06       NaN
2013-08-07 -0.424972
2013-08-08  0.567020

In [103]: df.reindex(df.index[::-1]).ffill()
Out[103]: 
                   A
2013-08-08  0.567020
2013-08-07 -0.424972
2013-08-06 -0.424972
2013-08-05 -1.039575
2013-08-02 -0.706771
2013-08-01  0.721555

Replace

Grouping

Unlike agg, apply’s callable is passed a sub-DataFrame which gives you access to all the columns

In [104]: df = pd.DataFrame({'animal': 'cat dog cat fish dog cat cat'.split(),
   .....:                    'size': list('SSMMMLL'),
   .....:                    'weight': [8, 10, 11, 1, 20, 12, 12],
   .....:                    'adult': [False] * 5 + [True] * 2})
   .....: 

In [105]: df
Out[105]: 
  animal size  weight  adult
0    cat    S       8  False
1    dog    S      10  False
2    cat    M      11  False
3   fish    M       1  False
4    dog    M      20  False
5    cat    L      12   True
6    cat    L      12   True

# List the size of the animals with the highest weight.
In [106]: df.groupby('animal').apply(lambda subf: subf['size'][subf['weight'].idxmax()])
Out[106]: 
animal
cat     L
dog     M
fish    M
dtype: object

In [107]: gb = df.groupby(['animal'])

In [108]: gb.get_group('cat')
Out[108]: 
  animal size  weight  adult
0    cat    S       8  False
2    cat    M      11  False
5    cat    L      12   True
6    cat    L      12   True

In [109]: def GrowUp(x):
   .....:     avg_weight = sum(x[x['size'] == 'S'].weight * 1.5)
   .....:     avg_weight += sum(x[x['size'] == 'M'].weight * 1.25)
   .....:     avg_weight += sum(x[x['size'] == 'L'].weight)
   .....:     avg_weight /= len(x)
   .....:     return pd.Series(['L', avg_weight, True],
   .....:                      index=['size', 'weight', 'adult'])
   .....: 

In [110]: expected_df = gb.apply(GrowUp)

In [111]: expected_df
Out[111]: 
       size   weight  adult
animal                     
cat       L  12.4375   True
dog       L  20.0000   True
fish      L   1.2500   True

In [112]: S = pd.Series([i / 100.0 for i in range(1, 11)])

In [113]: def cum_ret(x, y):
   .....:     return x * (1 + y)
   .....: 

In [114]: def red(x):
   .....:     return functools.reduce(cum_ret, x, 1.0)
   .....: 

In [115]: S.expanding().apply(red, raw=True)
Out[115]: 
0    1.010000
1    1.030200
2    1.061106
3    1.103550
4    1.158728
5    1.228251
6    1.314229
7    1.419367
8    1.547110
9    1.701821
dtype: float64

In [116]: df = pd.DataFrame({'A': [1, 1, 2, 2], 'B': [1, -1, 1, 2]})

In [117]: gb = df.groupby('A')

In [118]: def replace(g):
   .....:     mask = g < 0
   .....:     return g.where(mask, g[~mask].mean())
   .....: 

In [119]: gb.transform(replace)
Out[119]: 
     B
0  1.0
1 -1.0
2  1.5
3  1.5

In [120]: df = pd.DataFrame({'code': ['foo', 'bar', 'baz'] * 2,
   .....:                    'data': [0.16, -0.21, 0.33, 0.45, -0.59, 0.62],
   .....:                    'flag': [False, True] * 3})
   .....: 

In [121]: code_groups = df.groupby('code')

In [122]: agg_n_sort_order = code_groups[['data']].transform(sum).sort_values(by='data')

In [123]: sorted_df = df.loc[agg_n_sort_order.index]

In [124]: sorted_df
Out[124]: 
  code  data   flag
1  bar -0.21   True
4  bar -0.59  False
0  foo  0.16  False
3  foo  0.45   True
2  baz  0.33  False
5  baz  0.62   True

In [125]: rng = pd.date_range(start="2014-10-07", periods=10, freq='2min')

In [126]: ts = pd.Series(data=list(range(10)), index=rng)

In [127]: def MyCust(x):
   .....:     if len(x) > 2:
   .....:         return x[1] * 1.234
   .....:     return pd.NaT
   .....: 

In [128]: mhc = {'Mean': np.mean, 'Max': np.max, 'Custom': MyCust}

In [129]: ts.resample("5min").apply(mhc)
Out[129]: 
Mean    2014-10-07 00:00:00        1
        2014-10-07 00:05:00      3.5
        2014-10-07 00:10:00        6
        2014-10-07 00:15:00      8.5
Max     2014-10-07 00:00:00        2
        2014-10-07 00:05:00        4
        2014-10-07 00:10:00        7
        2014-10-07 00:15:00        9
Custom  2014-10-07 00:00:00    1.234
        2014-10-07 00:05:00      NaT
        2014-10-07 00:10:00    7.404
        2014-10-07 00:15:00      NaT
dtype: object

In [130]: ts
Out[130]: 
2014-10-07 00:00:00    0
2014-10-07 00:02:00    1
2014-10-07 00:04:00    2
2014-10-07 00:06:00    3
2014-10-07 00:08:00    4
2014-10-07 00:10:00    5
2014-10-07 00:12:00    6
2014-10-07 00:14:00    7
2014-10-07 00:16:00    8
2014-10-07 00:18:00    9
Freq: 2T, dtype: int64

In [131]: df = pd.DataFrame({'Color': 'Red Red Red Blue'.split(),
   .....:                    'Value': [100, 150, 50, 50]})
   .....: 

In [132]: df
Out[132]: 
  Color  Value
0   Red    100
1   Red    150
2   Red     50
3  Blue     50

In [133]: df['Counts'] = df.groupby(['Color']).transform(len)

In [134]: df
Out[134]: 
  Color  Value  Counts
0   Red    100       3
1   Red    150       3
2   Red     50       3
3  Blue     50       1

In [135]: df = pd.DataFrame({'line_race': [10, 10, 8, 10, 10, 8],
   .....:                    'beyer': [99, 102, 103, 103, 88, 100]},
   .....:                   index=['Last Gunfighter', 'Last Gunfighter',
   .....:                          'Last Gunfighter', 'Paynter', 'Paynter',
   .....:                          'Paynter'])
   .....: 

In [136]: df
Out[136]: 
                 line_race  beyer
Last Gunfighter         10     99
Last Gunfighter         10    102
Last Gunfighter          8    103
Paynter                 10    103
Paynter                 10     88
Paynter                  8    100

In [137]: df['beyer_shifted'] = df.groupby(level=0)['beyer'].shift(1)

In [138]: df
Out[138]: 
                 line_race  beyer  beyer_shifted
Last Gunfighter         10     99            NaN
Last Gunfighter         10    102           99.0
Last Gunfighter          8    103          102.0
Paynter                 10    103            NaN
Paynter                 10     88          103.0
Paynter                  8    100           88.0

In [139]: df = pd.DataFrame({'host': ['other', 'other', 'that', 'this', 'this'],
   .....:                    'service': ['mail', 'web', 'mail', 'mail', 'web'],
   .....:                    'no': [1, 2, 1, 2, 1]}).set_index(['host', 'service'])
   .....: 

In [140]: mask = df.groupby(level=0).agg('idxmax')

In [141]: df_count = df.loc[mask['no']].reset_index()

In [142]: df_count
Out[142]: 
    host service  no
0  other     web   2
1   that    mail   1
2   this    mail   2

In [143]: df = pd.DataFrame([0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1], columns=['A'])

In [144]: df['A'].groupby((df['A'] != df['A'].shift()).cumsum()).groups
Out[144]: 
{1: Int64Index([0], dtype='int64'),
 2: Int64Index([1], dtype='int64'),
 3: Int64Index([2], dtype='int64'),
 4: Int64Index([3, 4, 5], dtype='int64'),
 5: Int64Index([6], dtype='int64'),
 6: Int64Index([7, 8], dtype='int64')}

In [145]: df['A'].groupby((df['A'] != df['A'].shift()).cumsum()).cumsum()
Out[145]: 
0    0
1    1
2    0
3    1
4    2
5    3
6    0
7    1
8    2
Name: A, dtype: int64

Expanding data

Splitting

Create a list of dataframes, split using a delineation based on logic included in rows.

In [146]: df = pd.DataFrame(data={'Case': ['A', 'A', 'A', 'B', 'A', 'A', 'B', 'A',
   .....:                                  'A'],
   .....:                         'Data': np.random.randn(9)})
   .....: 

In [147]: dfs = list(zip(*df.groupby((1 * (df['Case'] == 'B')).cumsum()
   .....:                .rolling(window=3, min_periods=1).median())))[-1]
   .....: 

In [148]: dfs[0]
Out[148]: 
  Case      Data
0    A  0.276232
1    A -1.087401
2    A -0.673690
3    B  0.113648

In [149]: dfs[1]
Out[149]: 
  Case      Data
4    A -1.478427
5    A  0.524988
6    B  0.404705

In [150]: dfs[2]
Out[150]: 
  Case      Data
7    A  0.577046
8    A -1.715002

Pivot

In [151]: df = pd.DataFrame(data={'Province': ['ON', 'QC', 'BC', 'AL', 'AL', 'MN', 'ON'],
   .....:                         'City': ['Toronto', 'Montreal', 'Vancouver',
   .....:                                  'Calgary', 'Edmonton', 'Winnipeg',
   .....:                                  'Windsor'],
   .....:                         'Sales': [13, 6, 16, 8, 4, 3, 1]})
   .....: 

In [152]: table = pd.pivot_table(df, values=['Sales'], index=['Province'],
   .....:                        columns=['City'], aggfunc=np.sum, margins=True)
   .....: 

In [153]: table.stack('City')
Out[153]: 
                    Sales
Province City            
AL       All         12.0
         Calgary      8.0
         Edmonton     4.0
BC       All         16.0
         Vancouver   16.0
...                   ...
All      Montreal     6.0
         Toronto     13.0
         Vancouver   16.0
         Windsor      1.0
         Winnipeg     3.0

[20 rows x 1 columns]

In [154]: grades = [48, 99, 75, 80, 42, 80, 72, 68, 36, 78]

In [155]: df = pd.DataFrame({'ID': ["x%d" % r for r in range(10)],
   .....:                    'Gender': ['F', 'M', 'F', 'M', 'F',
   .....:                               'M', 'F', 'M', 'M', 'M'],
   .....:                    'ExamYear': ['2007', '2007', '2007', '2008', '2008',
   .....:                                 '2008', '2008', '2009', '2009', '2009'],
   .....:                    'Class': ['algebra', 'stats', 'bio', 'algebra',
   .....:                              'algebra', 'stats', 'stats', 'algebra',
   .....:                              'bio', 'bio'],
   .....:                    'Participated': ['yes', 'yes', 'yes', 'yes', 'no',
   .....:                                     'yes', 'yes', 'yes', 'yes', 'yes'],
   .....:                    'Passed': ['yes' if x > 50 else 'no' for x in grades],
   .....:                    'Employed': [True, True, True, False,
   .....:                                 False, False, False, True, True, False],
   .....:                    'Grade': grades})
   .....: 

In [156]: df.groupby('ExamYear').agg({'Participated': lambda x: x.value_counts()['yes'],
   .....:                             'Passed': lambda x: sum(x == 'yes'),
   .....:                             'Employed': lambda x: sum(x),
   .....:                             'Grade': lambda x: sum(x) / len(x)})
   .....: 
Out[156]: 
          Participated  Passed  Employed      Grade
ExamYear                                           
2007                 3       2         3  74.000000
2008                 3       3         0  68.500000
2009                 3       2         2  60.666667

To create year and month cross tabulation:

In [157]: df = pd.DataFrame({'value': np.random.randn(36)},
   .....:                   index=pd.date_range('2011-01-01', freq='M', periods=36))
   .....: 

In [158]: pd.pivot_table(df, index=df.index.month, columns=df.index.year,
   .....:                values='value', aggfunc='sum')
   .....: 
Out[158]: 
        2011      2012      2013
1  -1.039268 -0.968914  2.565646
2  -0.370647 -1.294524  1.431256
3  -1.157892  0.413738  1.340309
4  -1.344312  0.276662 -1.170299
5   0.844885 -0.472035 -0.226169
6   1.075770 -0.013960  0.410835
7  -0.109050 -0.362543  0.813850
8   1.643563 -0.006154  0.132003
9  -1.469388 -0.923061 -0.827317
10  0.357021  0.895717 -0.076467
11 -0.674600  0.805244 -1.187678
12 -1.776904 -1.206412  1.130127

Apply

In [159]: df = pd.DataFrame(data={'A': [[2, 4, 8, 16], [100, 200], [10, 20, 30]],
   .....:                         'B': [['a', 'b', 'c'], ['jj', 'kk'], ['ccc']]},
   .....:                   index=['I', 'II', 'III'])
   .....: 

In [160]: def SeriesFromSubList(aList):
   .....:     return pd.Series(aList)
   .....: 

In [161]: df_orgz = pd.concat({ind: row.apply(SeriesFromSubList)
   .....:                      for ind, row in df.iterrows()})
   .....: 

In [162]: df_orgz
Out[162]: 
         0    1    2     3
I   A    2    4    8  16.0
    B    a    b    c   NaN
II  A  100  200  NaN   NaN
    B   jj   kk  NaN   NaN
III A   10   20   30   NaN
    B  ccc  NaN  NaN   NaN

Rolling Apply to multiple columns where function calculates a Series before a Scalar from the Series is returned

In [163]: df = pd.DataFrame(data=np.random.randn(2000, 2) / 10000,
   .....:                   index=pd.date_range('2001-01-01', periods=2000),
   .....:                   columns=['A', 'B'])
   .....: 

In [164]: df
Out[164]: 
                   A         B
2001-01-01 -0.000144 -0.000141
2001-01-02  0.000161  0.000102
2001-01-03  0.000057  0.000088
2001-01-04 -0.000221  0.000097
2001-01-05 -0.000201 -0.000041
...              ...       ...
2006-06-19  0.000040 -0.000235
2006-06-20 -0.000123 -0.000021
2006-06-21 -0.000113  0.000114
2006-06-22  0.000136  0.000109
2006-06-23  0.000027  0.000030

[2000 rows x 2 columns]

In [165]: def gm(df, const):
   .....:     v = ((((df['A'] + df['B']) + 1).cumprod()) - 1) * const
   .....:     return v.iloc[-1]
   .....: 

In [166]: s = pd.Series({df.index[i]: gm(df.iloc[i:min(i + 51, len(df) - 1)], 5)
   .....:                for i in range(len(df) - 50)})
   .....: 

In [167]: s
Out[167]: 
2001-01-01    0.000930
2001-01-02    0.002615
2001-01-03    0.001281
2001-01-04    0.001117
2001-01-05    0.002772
                ...   
2006-04-30    0.003296
2006-05-01    0.002629
2006-05-02    0.002081
2006-05-03    0.004247
2006-05-04    0.003928
Length: 1950, dtype: float64

Rolling Apply to multiple columns where function returns a Scalar (Volume Weighted Average Price)

In [168]: rng = pd.date_range(start='2014-01-01', periods=100)

In [169]: df = pd.DataFrame({'Open': np.random.randn(len(rng)),
   .....:                    'Close': np.random.randn(len(rng)),
   .....:                    'Volume': np.random.randint(100, 2000, len(rng))},
   .....:                   index=rng)
   .....: 

In [170]: df
Out[170]: 
                Open     Close  Volume
2014-01-01 -1.611353 -0.492885    1219
2014-01-02 -3.000951  0.445794    1054
2014-01-03 -0.138359 -0.076081    1381
2014-01-04  0.301568  1.198259    1253
2014-01-05  0.276381 -0.669831    1728
...              ...       ...     ...
2014-04-06 -0.040338  0.937843    1188
2014-04-07  0.359661 -0.285908    1864
2014-04-08  0.060978  1.714814     941
2014-04-09  1.759055 -0.455942    1065
2014-04-10  0.138185 -1.147008    1453

[100 rows x 3 columns]

In [171]: def vwap(bars):
   .....:     return ((bars.Close * bars.Volume).sum() / bars.Volume.sum())
   .....: 

In [172]: window = 5

In [173]: s = pd.concat([(pd.Series(vwap(df.iloc[i:i + window]),
   .....:                 index=[df.index[i + window]]))
   .....:                for i in range(len(df) - window)])
   .....: 

In [174]: s.round(2)
Out[174]: 
2014-01-06    0.02
2014-01-07    0.11
2014-01-08    0.10
2014-01-09    0.07
2014-01-10   -0.29
              ... 
2014-04-06   -0.63
2014-04-07   -0.02
2014-04-08   -0.03
2014-04-09    0.34
2014-04-10    0.29
Length: 95, dtype: float64

Timeseries

Calculate the first day of the month for each entry in a DatetimeIndex

In [175]: dates = pd.date_range('2000-01-01', periods=5)

In [176]: dates.to_period(freq='M').to_timestamp()
Out[176]: 
DatetimeIndex(['2000-01-01', '2000-01-01', '2000-01-01', '2000-01-01',
               '2000-01-01'],
              dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq=None)

Resampling

Merge

In [177]: rng = pd.date_range('2000-01-01', periods=6)

In [178]: df1 = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6, 3), index=rng, columns=['A', 'B', 'C'])

In [179]: df2 = df1.copy()

Depending on df construction, ignore_index may be needed

In [180]: df = df1.append(df2, ignore_index=True)

In [181]: df
Out[181]: 
           A         B         C
0  -0.870117 -0.479265 -0.790855
1   0.144817  1.726395 -0.464535
2  -0.821906  1.597605  0.187307
3  -0.128342 -1.511638 -0.289858
4   0.399194 -1.430030 -0.639760
5   1.115116 -2.012600  1.810662
6  -0.870117 -0.479265 -0.790855
7   0.144817  1.726395 -0.464535
8  -0.821906  1.597605  0.187307
9  -0.128342 -1.511638 -0.289858
10  0.399194 -1.430030 -0.639760
11  1.115116 -2.012600  1.810662

In [182]: df = pd.DataFrame(data={'Area': ['A'] * 5 + ['C'] * 2,
   .....:                         'Bins': [110] * 2 + [160] * 3 + [40] * 2,
   .....:                         'Test_0': [0, 1, 0, 1, 2, 0, 1],
   .....:                         'Data': np.random.randn(7)})
   .....: 

In [183]: df
Out[183]: 
  Area  Bins  Test_0      Data
0    A   110       0 -0.433937
1    A   110       1 -0.160552
2    A   160       0  0.744434
3    A   160       1  1.754213
4    A   160       2  0.000850
5    C    40       0  0.342243
6    C    40       1  1.070599

In [184]: df['Test_1'] = df['Test_0'] - 1

In [185]: pd.merge(df, df, left_on=['Bins', 'Area', 'Test_0'],
   .....:          right_on=['Bins', 'Area', 'Test_1'],
   .....:          suffixes=('_L', '_R'))
   .....: 
Out[185]: 
  Area  Bins  Test_0_L    Data_L  Test_1_L  Test_0_R    Data_R  Test_1_R
0    A   110         0 -0.433937        -1         1 -0.160552         0
1    A   160         0  0.744434        -1         1  1.754213         0
2    A   160         1  1.754213         0         2  0.000850         1
3    C    40         0  0.342243        -1         1  1.070599         0

Plotting

In [186]: df = pd.DataFrame(
   .....:     {'stratifying_var': np.random.uniform(0, 100, 20),
   .....:      'price': np.random.normal(100, 5, 20)})
   .....: 

In [187]: df['quartiles'] = pd.qcut(
   .....:     df['stratifying_var'],
   .....:     4,
   .....:     labels=['0-25%', '25-50%', '50-75%', '75-100%'])
   .....: 

In [188]: df.boxplot(column='price', by='quartiles')
Out[188]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x7f3d1f0ccf50>

Data In/Out

CSV

Reading multiple files to create a single DataFrame

The best way to combine multiple files into a single DataFrame is to read the individual frames one by one, put all of the individual frames into a list, and then combine the frames in the list using pd.concat():

In [189]: for i in range(3):
   .....:     data = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(10, 4))
   .....:     data.to_csv('file_{}.csv'.format(i))
   .....: 

In [190]: files = ['file_0.csv', 'file_1.csv', 'file_2.csv']

In [191]: result = pd.concat([pd.read_csv(f) for f in files], ignore_index=True)

You can use the same approach to read all files matching a pattern. Here is an example using glob:

In [192]: import glob

In [193]: import os

In [194]: files = glob.glob('file_*.csv')

In [195]: result = pd.concat([pd.read_csv(f) for f in files], ignore_index=True)

Parsing date components in multi-columns

Parsing date components in multi-columns is faster with a format

In [196]: i = pd.date_range('20000101', periods=10000)

In [197]: df = pd.DataFrame({'year': i.year, 'month': i.month, 'day': i.day})

In [198]: df.head()
Out[198]: 
   year  month  day
0  2000      1    1
1  2000      1    2
2  2000      1    3
3  2000      1    4
4  2000      1    5

In [199]: %timeit pd.to_datetime(df.year * 10000 + df.month * 100 + df.day, format='%Y%m%d')
   .....: ds = df.apply(lambda x: "%04d%02d%02d" % (x['year'],
   .....:                                           x['month'], x['day']), axis=1)
   .....: ds.head()
   .....: %timeit pd.to_datetime(ds)
   .....: 
9.66 ms +- 154 us per loop (mean +- std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
2.85 ms +- 98 us per loop (mean +- std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)

Skip row between header and data

In [200]: data = """;;;;
   .....:  ;;;;
   .....:  ;;;;
   .....:  ;;;;
   .....:  ;;;;
   .....:  ;;;;
   .....: ;;;;
   .....:  ;;;;
   .....:  ;;;;
   .....: ;;;;
   .....: date;Param1;Param2;Param4;Param5
   .....:     ;m²;°C;m²;m
   .....: ;;;;
   .....: 01.01.1990 00:00;1;1;2;3
   .....: 01.01.1990 01:00;5;3;4;5
   .....: 01.01.1990 02:00;9;5;6;7
   .....: 01.01.1990 03:00;13;7;8;9
   .....: 01.01.1990 04:00;17;9;10;11
   .....: 01.01.1990 05:00;21;11;12;13
   .....: """
   .....:

Option 1: pass rows explicitly to skip rows

In [201]: from io import StringIO

In [202]: pd.read_csv(StringIO(data), sep=';', skiprows=[11, 12],
   .....:             index_col=0, parse_dates=True, header=10)
   .....: 
Out[202]: 
                     Param1  Param2  Param4  Param5
date                                               
1990-01-01 00:00:00       1       1       2       3
1990-01-01 01:00:00       5       3       4       5
1990-01-01 02:00:00       9       5       6       7
1990-01-01 03:00:00      13       7       8       9
1990-01-01 04:00:00      17       9      10      11
1990-01-01 05:00:00      21      11      12      13

Option 2: read column names and then data

In [203]: pd.read_csv(StringIO(data), sep=';', header=10, nrows=10).columns
Out[203]: Index(['date', 'Param1', 'Param2', 'Param4', 'Param5'], dtype='object')

In [204]: columns = pd.read_csv(StringIO(data), sep=';', header=10, nrows=10).columns

In [205]: pd.read_csv(StringIO(data), sep=';', index_col=0,
   .....:             header=12, parse_dates=True, names=columns)
   .....: 
Out[205]: 
                     Param1  Param2  Param4  Param5
date                                               
1990-01-01 00:00:00       1       1       2       3
1990-01-01 01:00:00       5       3       4       5
1990-01-01 02:00:00       9       5       6       7
1990-01-01 03:00:00      13       7       8       9
1990-01-01 04:00:00      17       9      10      11
1990-01-01 05:00:00      21      11      12      13

SQL

Excel

HTML

HDFStore

Storing Attributes to a group node

In [206]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(8, 3))

In [207]: store = pd.HDFStore('test.h5')

In [208]: store.put('df', df)

# you can store an arbitrary Python object via pickle
In [209]: store.get_storer('df').attrs.my_attribute = {'A': 10}

In [210]: store.get_storer('df').attrs.my_attribute
Out[210]: {'A': 10}

Binary files

pandas readily accepts NumPy record arrays, if you need to read in a binary file consisting of an array of C structs. For example, given this C program in a file called main.c compiled with gcc main.c -std=gnu99 on a 64-bit machine,

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdint.h>

typedef struct _Data
{
    int32_t count;
    double avg;
    float scale;
} Data;

int main(int argc, const char *argv[])
{
    size_t n = 10;
    Data d[n];

    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
    {
        d[i].count = i;
        d[i].avg = i + 1.0;
        d[i].scale = (float) i + 2.0f;
    }

    FILE *file = fopen("binary.dat", "wb");
    fwrite(&d, sizeof(Data), n, file);
    fclose(file);

    return 0;
}

the following Python code will read the binary file 'binary.dat' into a pandas DataFrame, where each element of the struct corresponds to a column in the frame:

names = 'count', 'avg', 'scale'

# note that the offsets are larger than the size of the type because of
# struct padding
offsets = 0, 8, 16
formats = 'i4', 'f8', 'f4'
dt = np.dtype({'names': names, 'offsets': offsets, 'formats': formats},
              align=True)
df = pd.DataFrame(np.fromfile('binary.dat', dt))

Note

The offsets of the structure elements may be different depending on the architecture of the machine on which the file was created. Using a raw binary file format like this for general data storage is not recommended, as it is not cross platform. We recommended either HDF5 or parquet, both of which are supported by pandas’ IO facilities.

Computation

Correlation

In [211]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.random(size=(100, 5)))

In [212]: corr_mat = df.corr()

In [213]: mask = np.tril(np.ones_like(corr_mat, dtype=np.bool), k=-1)

In [214]: corr_mat.where(mask)
Out[214]: 
          0         1         2         3   4
0       NaN       NaN       NaN       NaN NaN
1 -0.018923       NaN       NaN       NaN NaN
2 -0.076296 -0.012464       NaN       NaN NaN
3 -0.169941 -0.289416  0.076462       NaN NaN
4  0.064326  0.018759 -0.084140 -0.079859 NaN

In [215]: def distcorr(x, y):
   .....:     n = len(x)
   .....:     a = np.zeros(shape=(n, n))
   .....:     b = np.zeros(shape=(n, n))
   .....:     for i in range(n):
   .....:         for j in range(i + 1, n):
   .....:             a[i, j] = abs(x[i] - x[j])
   .....:             b[i, j] = abs(y[i] - y[j])
   .....:     a += a.T
   .....:     b += b.T
   .....:     a_bar = np.vstack([np.nanmean(a, axis=0)] * n)
   .....:     b_bar = np.vstack([np.nanmean(b, axis=0)] * n)
   .....:     A = a - a_bar - a_bar.T + np.full(shape=(n, n), fill_value=a_bar.mean())
   .....:     B = b - b_bar - b_bar.T + np.full(shape=(n, n), fill_value=b_bar.mean())
   .....:     cov_ab = np.sqrt(np.nansum(A * B)) / n
   .....:     std_a = np.sqrt(np.sqrt(np.nansum(A**2)) / n)
   .....:     std_b = np.sqrt(np.sqrt(np.nansum(B**2)) / n)
   .....:     return cov_ab / std_a / std_b
   .....: 

In [216]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.normal(size=(100, 3)))

In [217]: df.corr(method=distcorr)
Out[217]: 
          0         1         2
0  1.000000  0.199653  0.214871
1  0.199653  1.000000  0.195116
2  0.214871  0.195116  1.000000

Timedeltas

In [218]: import datetime

In [219]: s = pd.Series(pd.date_range('2012-1-1', periods=3, freq='D'))

In [220]: s - s.max()
Out[220]: 
0   -2 days
1   -1 days
2    0 days
dtype: timedelta64[ns]

In [221]: s.max() - s
Out[221]: 
0   2 days
1   1 days
2   0 days
dtype: timedelta64[ns]

In [222]: s - datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 3, 5)
Out[222]: 
0   364 days 20:55:00
1   365 days 20:55:00
2   366 days 20:55:00
dtype: timedelta64[ns]

In [223]: s + datetime.timedelta(minutes=5)
Out[223]: 
0   2012-01-01 00:05:00
1   2012-01-02 00:05:00
2   2012-01-03 00:05:00
dtype: datetime64[ns]

In [224]: datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 3, 5) - s
Out[224]: 
0   -365 days +03:05:00
1   -366 days +03:05:00
2   -367 days +03:05:00
dtype: timedelta64[ns]

In [225]: datetime.timedelta(minutes=5) + s
Out[225]: 
0   2012-01-01 00:05:00
1   2012-01-02 00:05:00
2   2012-01-03 00:05:00
dtype: datetime64[ns]

In [226]: deltas = pd.Series([datetime.timedelta(days=i) for i in range(3)])

In [227]: df = pd.DataFrame({'A': s, 'B': deltas})

In [228]: df
Out[228]: 
           A      B
0 2012-01-01 0 days
1 2012-01-02 1 days
2 2012-01-03 2 days

In [229]: df['New Dates'] = df['A'] + df['B']

In [230]: df['Delta'] = df['A'] - df['New Dates']

In [231]: df
Out[231]: 
           A      B  New Dates   Delta
0 2012-01-01 0 days 2012-01-01  0 days
1 2012-01-02 1 days 2012-01-03 -1 days
2 2012-01-03 2 days 2012-01-05 -2 days

In [232]: df.dtypes
Out[232]: 
A             datetime64[ns]
B            timedelta64[ns]
New Dates     datetime64[ns]
Delta        timedelta64[ns]
dtype: object

Values can be set to NaT using np.nan, similar to datetime

In [233]: y = s - s.shift()

In [234]: y
Out[234]: 
0      NaT
1   1 days
2   1 days
dtype: timedelta64[ns]

In [235]: y[1] = np.nan

In [236]: y
Out[236]: 
0      NaT
1      NaT
2   1 days
dtype: timedelta64[ns]

Aliasing axis names

To globally provide aliases for axis names, one can define these 2 functions:

In [237]: def set_axis_alias(cls, axis, alias):
   .....:     if axis not in cls._AXIS_NUMBERS:
   .....:         raise Exception("invalid axis [%s] for alias [%s]" % (axis, alias))
   .....:     cls._AXIS_ALIASES[alias] = axis
   .....:

In [238]: def clear_axis_alias(cls, axis, alias):
   .....:     if axis not in cls._AXIS_NUMBERS:
   .....:         raise Exception("invalid axis [%s] for alias [%s]" % (axis, alias))
   .....:     cls._AXIS_ALIASES.pop(alias, None)
   .....:

In [239]: set_axis_alias(pd.DataFrame, 'columns', 'myaxis2')

In [240]: df2 = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(3, 2), columns=['c1', 'c2'],
   .....:                    index=['i1', 'i2', 'i3'])
   .....: 

In [241]: df2.sum(axis='myaxis2')
Out[241]: 
i1   -0.461013
i2    2.040016
i3    0.904681
dtype: float64

In [242]: clear_axis_alias(pd.DataFrame, 'columns', 'myaxis2')

Creating example data

To create a dataframe from every combination of some given values, like R’s expand.grid() function, we can create a dict where the keys are column names and the values are lists of the data values:

In [243]: def expand_grid(data_dict):
   .....:     rows = itertools.product(*data_dict.values())
   .....:     return pd.DataFrame.from_records(rows, columns=data_dict.keys())
   .....: 

In [244]: df = expand_grid({'height': [60, 70],
   .....:                   'weight': [100, 140, 180],
   .....:                   'sex': ['Male', 'Female']})
   .....: 

In [245]: df

Out[245]: 
    height  weight     sex
0       60     100    Male
1       60     100  Female
2       60     140    Male
3       60     140  Female
4       60     180    Male
5       60     180  Female
6       70     100    Male
7       70     100  Female
8       70     140    Male
9       70     140  Female
10      70     180    Male
11      70     180  Female

PreviousPandas - Quick Guide NextNumPy

Last updated 4 years ago

Was this helpful?