Regular Expressions

Regular Expressions

Regular expressions are essentially a highly specialized programming language embedded inside Python that empowers you to specify the rules for the set of possible strings that you want to match.

In Python you need the re module for regular expressions usage. The grammar overview is on the bottom of this page.

Related course: Python Programming Bootcamp: Go from zero to hero

The Match function

The match function is defined as:

re.match(pattern, string)

The parameters are:

Parameters	Description
pattern	a regular expression
string	the input string

If you want to match a string to a numberic sequence of exactly five, you can use this code:

#!/usr/bin/python
import re

input = raw_input("Enter an input string:")
m = re.match('\d{5}\Z',input)

if m:
    print("True")
else:
    print("False")

Example outputs:

Email validation regex

We can use the same function to validate email address. The grammar rules are seen in re.compile and in the grammar table.

String	Match
12345	True
12358	True
55555	True
123	False
123K5	False
5555555	False

#!/usr/bin/python
import re

input = raw_input("Enter an input string:")
m = re.match('[^@]+@[^@]+\.[^@]+',input)

if m:
    print("True")
else:
    print("False")

The Search Function

The search function is defined as:

re.search(pattern, string)

The parameters are:

Parameter	Description
pattern	a regular expression, defines the string to be searched
string	the search space

To search if an e-mail address is in a string:

#!/usr/bin/python
import re

input = "Contact me by [e-mail] or at the office."

m = re.search('[^@]+@[^@]+\.[^@]+',input)

if m:
    print("String found.")
else:
    print("Nothing found.")

Regular Expression Examples

A few examples of regular expressions:

Regular Expression Grammar

Overview of the regex grammar:

Example	Regex
IP address	(([2][5][0-5]\.)|([2][0-4][0-9]\.)|([0-1]?[0-9]?[0-9]\.)){3}(([2][5][0-5])|([2][0-4][0-9])|([0-1]?[0-9]?[0-9]))
Email	[^@]+@[^@]+\.[^@]+
Date MM/DD/YY	(\d+/\d+/\d+)
Integer (positive)	(?<![-.])\b[0-9]+\b(?!\.[0-9])
Integer	[+-]?(?<!\.)\b[0-9]+\b(?!\.[0-9])
Float	(?<=>)\d+.\d+|\d+
Hexadecimal	\s–([0-9a-fA-F]+)(?:–)?\s

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Regex	Description
\d	Matches any decimal digit; this is equivalent to the class [0-9]
\D	Matches any non-digit character; this is equivalent to the class [^0-9].
\s	Matches any whitespace character; this is equivalent to the class [ \t\n\r\f\v].
\S	Matches any non-whitespace character; this is equivalent to the class [^ \t\n\r\f\v].
\w	Matches any alphanumeric character; this is equivalent to the class [a-zA-Z0-9_].
\W	Matches any non-alphanumeric character; this is equivalent to the class [^a-zA-Z0-9_].
\Z	Matches only at end of string
[..]	Match single character in brackets
[^..]	Match any single character not in brackets
.	Match any character except newline
$	Match the end of the string
*	Match 0 or more repetitions
+	1 or more repetitions
{m}	Exactly m copies of the previous RE should be matched.
|	Match A or B. A|B
?	0 or 1 repetitions of the preceding RE
[a-z]	Any lowercase character
[A-Z]	Any uppercase character
[a-zA-Z]	Any character
[0-9]	Any digit